Transcript C. The Cerebellum (小脑)

C. The Cerebellum (小脑)
1. Location: in the posterior cranial fossa.
2. Relationship:
anteroinferior: attached to the brain stem
by cerebellar peduncles (小脑脚)
posterosuperior: tentorium cerebelli (小脑幕)
3.  External feature
lateral: left & right cerebellar hemispheres
(小脑半球)
median: cerebellar vermis (小脑蚓)
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C. The Cerebellum (小脑)
 3. External features
Subdivision by fissures
anterior lobe (前叶)
primary fissure (原裂)
posterior lobe (后叶)
tonsil of cerebellum (小脑扁桃体)
posterolateral fissure (后外侧裂)
flocculonodular lobe (绒球小结叶)
corpus of cerebellum (小脑体)
= anterior lobe + posterior lobe
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C. The Cerebellum (小脑)
 3. External features Subdivisions
Anatomical
(解剖)
Phylogenetic Connection
(种系发生)
(联系)
Anterior lobe Paleocerebellum Spinocerebellum
(旧小脑
)
(前叶)
(脊髓小脑)
primary fissure (原裂)
cerebellar vermis (小脑蚓部)
intermediate hemisphere (半球中间部)
Functions
(功能)
Muscle tone & synergy
of muscle (肌张力,肌协调)
Motor execution (运动执行)
lateral portion of hemisphere
(半球外侧部)
Cerebro- Coordination of muscles
Posterior lobeNeocerebellum cerebellum
Motor planning
(新小脑) (大脑小脑) (协调运动)(运动计划)
(后叶)
posterolateral fissure (前外侧裂)
Flocculo- Archicerebellum Vestibulo- Maintaining equilibrium
Cerebellum coordinating eye movements
nodular lobe
(绒球小结叶) (原小脑) (前庭小脑) (保持平衡, 协调眼运动)
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C. The Cerebellum (小脑)
c
c
b a
d
a
b
d
a. Vermis of cerebellum (小脑蚓部)
b. Intermediate hemisphere (半球中间
部) a + b = paleocerebellum
c. Lateral hemisphere (半球外侧部)
neocerebellum
d. Flocculonodular lobe (绒球小结叶)
archicerebellum
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C. The Cerebellum (小脑)
4. Internal structure
1) cerebellar cortex
(小脑皮质)
a. molecular layer (分子层)
b. Purkinje cell layer
(梨状细胞层)
c. granular layer (颗粒层)
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C. The Cerebellum (小脑)
a. molecular layer (分子层)
stellate cells (星形细胞)抑制性
basket cells (蓝细胞))抑制性
b. Purkinje cell layer
(梨状细胞层)
c. granular layer (颗粒层)
granule cells (颗粒细胞) 4.6-1010
Golgi cells 抑制性
mossy fibers (苔藓纤维)
cerebellar glomerulus (小脑小球)
Spinal cord, pontine nuclei, RF.
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C. The Cerebellum (小脑)
2) cerebellar (central) nuclei (小脑核)
1 Archicerebellum(原小脑)
vestibular
nuclei 小脑下脚
(前庭核)
cortex of
archicerebellum
(原小脑皮质)
fastigial
nucleus
(顶核)
vestibular
nuclei
(前庭核)
前庭脊束
2 Intermediate hemisphere(半球中间部)
(脊髓小脑束)→
cortex of
paleocerebellum
(旧小脑皮质)
3
emboliform
nucleus
(拴状核)
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globose
sup. cerebel.peduncle
nucleus
(小脑上脚)
(球状核)
[ataxia 共济失调]
[dysequilibrium平衡失调]
red nucleus
(红核)
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C. The Cerebellum (小脑)
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C. The Cerebellum (小脑)
4 Neocerebellar Cortex (新小脑皮质)
neocerebellar
cortex
(新小脑皮质)
dentate nucleus
(齿状核)
(小
[dysmetria 辨距不良]
脑
中
red
nuc.
脚
[dysdiadochokinesia 轮替运动障碍]
(红核) 上
脚)
pontine neuc.
thalamus
sup. cerebellar
(脑桥核)
peduncle
(丘脑腹外侧核)
[intentional tremor意向性震颤]
[syndrome of neocerebellum 新小脑综合征]
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C. The Cerebellum (小脑)
3) cerebellar peduncles (小脑脚) .
peduncle
inferior
(下脚)
tracts
afferent/efferent
dorsal spinocerebellar tract (脊髓小脑后束)
A
olivocerebellar tract (橄榄小脑束)
A
arcuatocerebellar tract ( 弓状小脑束)
A
reticulocerebellar tract (网状小脑束)
A
direct and secondary vestibulocerebellar tracts (前庭小脑束) A
.
cerebellovestibular tracts (小脑前庭束)
middle (中脚) pontocerebellar tracts (脑桥小脑束)
E
.
A
.
ventral spinocerebellar tract (脊髓小脑前束)
A
superior
trigeminocerebellar tract (三叉小脑束)
A
(上脚)
tectocerebellar tract (顶盖小脑束)
A
dentatorubrothalamic tract (齿状红核丘脑束)
E
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C. The Cerebellum (小脑)
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C. The Cerebellum (小脑)
• Summary of the cerebellum
Three sagittal divisions; vermis & two hemisphere.
Three transverse divisions: anterior, posterior &
flocculonodular lobes.
Three phylogenetic subdivisions: archio-, paleo- &
neocerebellum.
Three layers of cortex: molecular, Purkinje cell, &
granular.
Three pairs of midline nuclei: fastigial nucleus,
interpositus (emboliform and globose nuclei), &
dentate nucleus.
Three pairs of peduncles: inferior, middle, & superior.
Three major decussations:
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)
1.Location: Between brain stem and cerebrum. The
median cavity is the third ventricle.
2.Relationships:
3.  Divisions:
a. dorsal thalamus (thalamus) (背侧丘脑)
b. metathalamus (后丘脑)
c. epithalamus (上丘脑)
d. subthalamus (底丘脑)
e. hypothalamus (下丘脑)
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)
1) dorsal thalamus (thalamus) (背侧丘脑)
Subdivision:
a. median nuclei (中线核)
b. medial nuclei (内侧核群)
c. internal medullary lamina (内髓板) Y-shape anterior nuclei (前核群)
locate in the bifurcation of the IML
intralaminar nuclei (板内核) locate in the IML
d. lateral nuclei (外侧核群)
e. external medullary lamina (外髓板)
f. reticular nucleus (网状核)
a b c
a
b c
d
e
d
f
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)
Phylogenic subdivision of the dorsal thalamus
(1) nonspecific thalamic nuclei (非特异性核团)
(archithalamus 古丘脑)

a. nuclei

median nuclei (中线核):
intermediate mass (丘脑间粘合)
intralaminar nuclei (板内核)
reticular nucleus (网状核)
b. connection
afferent: ← 嗅脑, 脑干网状结构, 下丘脑,
纹状体.
efferent: → cerebral cortex
c. function: maintaining awakening status
for vital activity (维持清醒状态).
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
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)
(2)Specific thalamic nuclei (特异性核团) (paleothalamus 旧丘脑)
a. nuclei
ventral anterior nucleus (腹前核)
ventral lateral nucleus (腹外侧核)
← 小脑齿状核, 苍白球, 黑质
→ cerebral cortex (precentral gyrus 中央前回)
ii
i
ventral posterior nucleus (腹后核)
i. ventral posterolateral nucleus (腹后外侧核)
← all senses of trunk (躯干全部感觉) ←spinothalamic tract, medial lemniscus
ii. ventral posteromedial nucleus (腹后内侧核)


← all senses of head (头部全部感觉,味觉) ←trigeminal lemniscus, 孤束核
→cerebral cortex (postcentral gyrus中央后回)

[spontaneous pain 自发性痛疼]
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)
(3)Associate nuclei (联络性核团)
(neothalamus 新丘脑)
nuclei & connection:
anterior nucleus(前核群)
← 下丘脑乳头体,
← 扣带回④⑤
→ internal nuclei (内侧核群)
lateral nuclei (外侧核群)
lateral dorsal nucleus (背外侧核)
lateral posterior nucleus (后外侧
核)
pulvinar (枕)
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)
function: high neural activity (高级神经活动)
(情感意识的辨别能力, 学习记忆活动 )
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)
 2)
metathalamus (后丘脑)
a. medial geniculate body (内侧膝状体): ←
brachium of inferior colliculus (下丘臂) ← acoustic
听觉
b. lateral geniculate body (外侧膝状体): ←
optic tract (视束) ← visual 视觉
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)
3) epithalamus (上丘脑)
a. pineal body (松果体) 内分泌
b. habenular trigone (缰三角) 嗅觉
c. habenular commissure (缰连合)
d. thalamic medullary stria (丘脑髓纹)
e. posterior commissure (后连合)
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)
4) subthalamus (底丘脑)
(ventral thalamus 腹侧丘脑)
锥体外系
5) hypothalamus (下丘脑)
Location: beneath the
hypothalamic sulcus (下丘脑
沟)
 a. optic chiasma (视交叉)
 b. optic tract (视束)
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)
c. mammillary body (乳头体)
d. tuber cinereus (灰结节)
e. infundibulum (漏斗)
f. median eminence (正中隆起)
g. infundibular process
(漏斗突)
h. hypophysis (垂体)
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)

Nuclei of the hypothalamus (下丘脑核团)
b
a. supraoptic nucleus
(视上核) → supraopticohypophyseal tract (视上
垂体束) → vasopressin (加
a
c
压素)
b. paraventricular nucleus
(室旁核) → paraventriculohypophyseal tract
(室旁垂体束) → oxytocin
(催产素)
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)
c. tuberal nucleus (结节核) → tuberoinfundibular
(-hypophyseal) tract (结节漏斗[垂体]束)
d. infundibular nucleus
(漏斗核)
e. mammillary nucleus
(乳头体核)
f. suprachiasmatic
nucleus (交叉上核)
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)
Functions of the hypothalamus
a. regulation of the viscera (内脏调节)
(subcortical centers of autonomic nervous
system 皮质下植物性中枢): body temperature
(体温), feeding (ingestion) (摄食), reproduction
(生殖), balance of water (水平衡).
b. neurosecretory function (神经内分泌功能)
c. biological clock (生物钟) 视交叉上核
d. emotion reaction (情绪反应)
与边缘系统密切联系
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D. The Diencephalon (间脑)
Sympathetic n.(交感神经) (in the posterior and
lateral part): cardiac acceleration (心加速), BP↑
(血压升高), cessation of the gastrointestinal tract
(胃肠道活动停止), dilatation of the pupil (瞳孔扩大),
hyperglycemia (血糖升高).
Parasympathetic n.(副交感神经) (in the ant.
part): heart rate↓(心率下降), BP↓(血压下降),
salivation(分泌唾液), increase of the
gastrointestinal tract (胃肠道活动增加),
contraction of the urinary bladder(膀胱收缩).
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
1.  External features
1) main division
a. cerebral hemisphere (大脑半球)
left side (dominant 优势): language (语言),
calculate (计算), thought (thinking) (思维).
right side (nondominant 非优势): stereo visual
(立体视觉), music (音乐) and art (艺术).
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
b. corpus callosum (胼胝体)
c. cerebral longitudinal fissure (大脑纵裂)
d. cerebral transverse fissure (大脑横裂)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
e. lateral sulcus (fissure of Sylvius) (外侧沟)
f. central sulcus (sulcus of Rolando) (中央沟)
g. parietooccipital sulcus (顶枕沟)
h. cingulate sulcus (扣带沟)
i. preoccipital notch (枕前切迹)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
2) lobes (分叶)
a. frontal lobe (额叶)
b. parietal lobe (顶叶)
c. temporal lobe (颞叶)
d. occipital lobe (枕叶)
e. insula (岛叶)
f. limbic lobe (边缘叶)
g. rhinencephalon (嗅脑)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
3) frontal lobe (额叶) somatic motor, language,
judgment (判断), thought (思维), synthesis (综合)
a. frontal pole (额极)
b. precentral sulcus (中央前沟)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
c.  precentral gyrus (Brodmann 4,6) (中央前回):
primary motor area 第I躯体运动区 随意运动
 ant. part of paracentral lobule (中央旁小叶前部):
primary motor area (leg & foot)随意运动
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Motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
运动皮质 (中央前回)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
d. superior frontal sulcus (额上沟)
e. inferior frontal sulcus (额下沟)
f. superior frontal gyrus (额上回)
 g. middle frontal gyrus: (额中回)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
i.  posterior part (Brodmann 8) : writing area
of language (书写中枢) (in dominant hemisphere
[agraphia 失写症] [apraxia 失用症]
ii.  middle part (Brodmann 8,9) : synergetic
motor area of eyeballs (眼球协同运动)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
 h. inferior frontal gyrus (额下回): Broca’s
area (Brodmann 44,45) (in dominant
hemisphere) motor speech area of
language area (运动性语言中枢)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
i. opercular part (frontal operculum)
(岛盖部)
ii. triangular part (三角部)
[aphemia 运动性失语症]
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
4) parietal lobe (顶叶) somatic sensory (躯体感觉),
taste (味觉), language, synthesis (综合), analysis
(分析), judgement (判断)
a. postcentral sulcus (中央后沟)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
b.  postcentral gyrus (中央后回): (Brodmann
3,1,2) primary somesthetic (general sensory)
area 第I躯体感觉区
lower part (Brodmann 43) : equilibrium
sense & taste area (平衡觉区,味觉区)
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Somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
躯体感觉皮质 (中央后回)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
c.  posterior part of paracentral lobule (中央
旁小叶后部): primary somesthetic area
d. intraparietal (interparietal) sulcus (顶内沟)
e. superior parietal lobule (顶上小叶)
f. inferior parietal lobule (顶下小叶)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
i.  supramarginal gyrus (缘上回): (Brodmann 22,40)
(Wernicke’s area) auditory speech area (听觉性语言中
枢) [sensory aphasia 感觉性失语症]
ii.  angular gyrus (角回): (Brodmann 39) visual speech
area (视觉性语言中枢)(reading area)[alexia 失读症]
iii. precuneus (楔前叶)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
5) temporal lobe (颞叶): acoustic(听觉), language
(语言), memory(记忆)
a. temporal pole (颞极)
b. superior temporal sulcus (颞上沟)
c. inferior temporal sulcus (颞下沟)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
d. superior temporal gyrus (颞上回)
i. transverse temporal sulci (颞横沟)
 ii. transverse temporal gyri (颞横回):
(Brodmann 41 ,42) acoustic area (听区)
iii. temporal operculum (颞叶岛盖部):
(Brodmann 22) auditory speech area (听
觉性语言中枢)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
e. middle temporal gyrus (颞中回)
f. inferior temporal gyrus (颞下回)
g. occipitotemporal sulcus (枕颞沟)
h. lateral occipitotemporal
gyrus (枕颞外侧回)
i. medial occipitotemporal
gyrus (枕颞内侧回)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
6) occipital lobe (枕叶) visual (视觉), synthesis
a. occipital pole (枕极)
b. preoccipital notch (incisure) (枕前切迹)
 c. cuneus (楔叶)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
 d. calcarine sulcus (距状沟): (Brodmann 17)
visual area (视区) [hemianopsia 偏盲]
 e. lingual gyrus (舌回)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
7) limbic lobe (边缘叶): archicortex, paleocortex
emotion(情绪), behavior(行为), visceral movement(内脏运动)
a. cingulate sulcus (扣带沟)
b. cingulate gyrus (扣带回):
(Brodmann 23,24)
visceral regulating
center (内脏调节中枢)
c. callosal sulcus
(胼胝体沟)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
d. hippocampal sulcus (海马沟)
e. collateral sulcus (侧副沟)
f. parahippocampal gyrus (海马旁回)
g. hippocampal formation (海马结构)
i. hippocampal (海马)
ii. dentate gyrus (齿状回)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
8) insular lobe (岛叶) (insula脑岛) visceral
sensory (内脏感觉)
a. circular sulcus of insula
(岛环状沟)
b. central sulcus of insula
(岛中央沟)
c. insular gyri (岛回)
i. short gyri of insula
(岛短回)
ii. long gyri of insula
(岛长回)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
9) rhinencephalon (嗅脑): archicortex (原
皮质) smelling(嗅觉), memory(记忆)
a. olfactory bulb (嗅球)
b. olfactory tract (嗅束)
c. olfactory trigone (嗅三角)
d. anterior perforated substance
(前穿质)
e. hippocampus (海马): memory
f. parahippocampal gyrus (海马旁回)
g. dentate gyrus (齿状回)
h. uncus (钩): (Brodmann 34)
olfactory area (嗅觉区)
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56
E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
Limbic lobe (边缘叶)
2. Limbic system (边缘系统)
1) constitution:
a. limbic lobe (边缘叶)
cingulate (扣带), parahippocampal gyri (海马旁回), uncus(钩),
hippocampal formation (海马结构).
b. amygdaloid body (杏仁体)
c. hypothalamus (下丘脑)
d. septal nuclei (隔核) 整合中枢
e. anterior nucleus of dorsal thalamus (背侧丘脑前核)
f. tegmentum of midbrain (中脑被盖)
Hippocampal (Papez) circuit (海马环路) 情感, 学习,记忆
海马旁回→ 海马结构→ 乳头体→ 丘脑前核→ 扣带回→海马旁回
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
2) functions:
a. osphresis (嗅觉)
b. visceral movement (内脏活动)
c. emotion (情绪)
d. sexual behavior (性行为)
e. memory (记忆)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
3. Internal structure
1) cerebral cortex (大脑皮质)
Ⅰ molecular (plexiform 丛状层) layer (分子层)
Ⅱ external granular layer (外粒层) ←
Ⅲ external pyramidal layer 外锥体层) ←
Ⅳ internal granular layer (内粒层)  thick in
sensory cortex
Ⅴ internal pyramidal (ganglionic) layer (内锥
体层) → thick in motor cortex
Ⅵ polymorphic layer (多形层) →
[congenital dementia 先天性痴呆]
[senile dementia) 老年性痴呆]
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Different stains’ method
Golgi Nissl Weigert Golgi & Nissl
Systematic Anatomy
Golgi (Betz cell )
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
2) basal ganglia (基底核)
a.  corpus striatum (纹状体)
i. caudate nucleus (尾状核)
head, body, tail. (新纹状体)
ii. lentiform nucleus (豆状核):
putamen (壳) (新纹状体)
globus
A
pallidus
B
(苍白球)
(旧纹状体)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
Coronary section 1
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
Coronary section 2
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Coronary section 3
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
Coronary section 4
Systematic Anatomy
Coronary section 5
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
b. amygdaloid body (杏仁体)
c. claustrum (屏状核)
[Parkinson’s disease 帕金森氏病,
paralysis agitans 震颤麻痹]
[chorea 舞蹈病]
[bradykinesia 运动徐缓病]
[mask-like
face
面具脸]
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
3) medullary substance (髓质)
a. association fibers (system) (联络纤维):
i. arcuate fibers (弓状纤维)
ii. superior longitudinal fasciculus (上纵束)
iii. inferior longitudinal
fasciculus (下纵束)
iv. cingulum (扣带)
v. uncinate fasciculus
(钩束)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
b. commissure fibers (system) (连合纤维)
i. corpus callosum (胼胝体): (rostrum嘴, genu
膝, trunk干, splenium压) neocortex
ii. anterior commissure (前连合): archicortex
(旧皮质)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
iii. posterior commissure (后连合)
iv. commissure of fornix (穹隆连合):
paleocortex (原皮质)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
c. projection fibers (system)
(投射纤维):
i.  internal capsule (内
囊)
 anterior limb (前肢):
frontopontine tract
(额桥束)
anterior thalamic
radiation
(丘脑前辐射)
 genu (膝):
corticonuclear tract
(皮质核束)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
 posterior limb (后肢):
thalamolentiform part (丘脑豆核部):
 corticospinal tract (皮质脊髓束)
 central thalamic radiation (丘脑
中央辐射) [thalamocortical tract
丘脑皮质束]
 corticorubral tract (皮质红核束)
 parieto-occipito-temporo- pontine
tract (顶枕颞桥束)
(corticopontine tract 皮质桥束)
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E. The Telencephalon (端脑)
retrolentiform part (豆核后部):
 optic radiation (geniculocalcarine tract 膝距束) (视
辐射)
sublentiform part (豆核下部):
 acoustic radiation (听辐射)
[hemiparalysis 偏瘫]
[hemianopsia 偏盲]
[hemilateral anesthesia
偏身感觉消失]
ii. external capsule (外囊)
iii. extreme capsule (最外囊)
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