The Telencephalon

端脑 山东大学医学院解剖教研室 李振华

General Appearance of Cerebrum

    The telencephalon consists of right and left cerebral hemisphere, partially separated by

cerebral longitudinal fissure

大脑纵裂 In the depths of the fissure, the

corpus callosum

胼胝体 connects the hemispheres across the midline The

cerebral transverse fissure

intervenes between the hemispheres and the cerebellum Each hemisphere has three surfaces: superolateral, medial and inferior

Main Sulci

Three principal sulci

   Central sulcus 中央沟 Lateral sulcus 外侧沟 Parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟

Central sulcus Parietooccipital sulcus Lateral sulcus

Lobes of Cerebral Hemisphere

    

Five lobes

Frontal lobe 额叶 Parietal lobe 顶叶 Temporal lobe 颞叶 Occipital lobe 枕叶 Insular lobe 岛叶

Insular lobe

Sulci and gyri of frontal lobe

       Precentral sulcus 中央前沟 Precentral gyrus 中央前回 Superior frontal sulcus 额上沟 Inferior frontal sulcus 额下沟 Superior frontal gyrus 额上回 Middle frontal gyrus 额中回 Inferior frontal gyrus 额下回

Sulci and gyri of frontal lobe

Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Superior, middle and inferioe frontal gyri

Sulci and Gyri of Parietal Lobe

       Postcentral sulcus 中央后沟 Postcentral gyrus 中央后回 Intraparietal sulcus 顶内沟 Superior parietal lobule 顶上小叶 Inferior parietal lobule 顶下小叶 Supramarginal gyrus 缘上回 Angular gyrus 角回

Sulci and Gyri of Parietal Lobe

Postcentral gyrus Postcentral sulcus Superior parietal lobule Intraparietal sulcus Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus

Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe

      Superior temporal sulcus 颞上沟 Inferior temporal sulcus 颞下沟 Superior temporal gyrus 颞上回 Middle temporal gyrus 颞中回 Inferior temporal gyrus 颞下回 Transverse temporal gyri 颞横回

Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe

Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Superior temporal sulcus Inferior temporal sulcus

Sulci and Gyri of Temporal Lobe

Transverse temporal gyri

Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Postcentral gyrus Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Postcentral sulcus Intraparietal sulcus Superior parietal lobule Superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Superior temporal sulcus Inferior temporal sulcus

Sulci and Gyri of Medial Surface

         Corpus callosum 胼胝体 Callosal sulcus 胼胝体沟 Cingulate gyrus 扣带回 Cingulate sulcus 扣带沟 Marginal ramus 缘支 Paracentral lobule 中央旁小叶 Calcarine sulcus 距状沟 Cuneus 楔叶 Lingual gyrus 舌回

Sulci and Gyri of Medial Surface

Callosal sulcus Corpus callosum Paracentral lobule cingulate gyrus Marginal ramus Cingulate sulcus Parietooccipital sulcus Cuneus Calcarine sulcus Lingual gyrus

Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface

            

Olfactory bulb

嗅球

Olfactory tract

嗅束

Olfactory trigone

嗅三角

Anterior perforated substance

前穿质

Collateral sulcus

侧副沟

Occipitotemporal sulcus

枕颞沟

Medial occipitotemporal gyrus

枕颞内侧回

Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus

枕颞外侧回

Hippocampal sulcus

海马沟

Parahippocampal gyrus

海马旁回

Uncus

钩

Hippocampus

海马

Dentate gyrus

齿状回

Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface

Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Olfactory trigone Uncus Ant. Perforated substance Occipitotemporal sulcus Parahippocampalgyrus Collateral sulcus Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus Medial occipitotemporal gyrus

Sulci and Gyri of Inferior Surface

Hippocampus Dentate gyrus Hippocampal formation

海马结构

Histology of Cerebral Cortex

  

Archicortex

原皮质 (hippocampal formation 海马结构 )

Paleocortex

古皮质 (rhinencephalon 嗅脑 )

Neocortex

新皮质 (most of cerebral cortex)

3 cell layers 6 cell layers

Functional Location of Cerebral Cortex

First Somatic Motor Area

第 Ⅰ 躯体运动区

Position

: Located in precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral lobule

First Somatic Motor Area

第 Ⅰ 躯体运动区

Characters

 Representation is inverted, but head and face are upright    A body part is represented by a cortical area proportional to its use rather than its size Receiving fibers from postcentral gyrus, v entral anterior , v entral lateral nuclei and v entral posterior Sending out fibers to form pyramidal tract, controlling voluntary movements

First Somatic Motor Area

第 Ⅰ 躯体运动区

First Somatic Motor Area

第 Ⅰ 躯体运动区

First Somatic Sensory Area

第 Ⅰ 躯体感觉区

Position:

Lies in postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of paracentral lobule

First Somatic Sensory Area

第 Ⅰ 躯体感觉区

Characters

 Sensory representation, like motor area, is crossed and inverted   Receiving fibers from ventral posterior nucleus Interpret sensation from opposite side of body

First Somatic Sensory Area

第 Ⅰ 躯体感觉区

Visual Area

视觉区    Lie on either side of calcarine sulcus in medial surface of occipital lobe Visual cortex of one hemisphere receives impression from temporal part of retina of same side and nasal part of opposite side Lesions of visual cortex produce contralateral homonymous visual field defections

Auditory Area

听觉区   Located in

transverse temporal gyri

Receive auditory information from both ears

  

Vestibular area

temporal gyrus 平衡觉区 : located in front of superior

Olfactory area

嗅觉区 : located near the uncus

Taste area

味觉区 : located at frontal operculum

Language Area

语言中枢 It is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed person    

Motor speech area

运动性语言中枢   Located in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus Damage: motor aphasia

Writing area

书写中枢   Located in posterior portion of middle frontal gyrus Damage: agraphia

Auditory speech area

听觉性语言中枢   Located in posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus Lesion: sensory aphasia

Visual speech area

视觉性语言中枢   Located in angular gyrus Lesion: alexia

Lateral Ventricle

侧脑室  

Position

: located in cerebral hemispheres

Four parts

   

Central part

: lies in parietal lobe

Anterior horn

: extends into frontal lobe

Posterior horn

: extend into occipital lobe

Inferior horn

: extend into temporal lobe

Lateral Ventricle

侧脑室 Transverse MRI scan, at the level of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.

Lateral Ventricle

侧脑室 

Communication

lateral ventricle → interventricular foramen → third ventricle

Basal Nuclei

基底核   

Corpus striatum

纹状体

Globus pallidus

苍白球 －

paleostriatum

旧纹状体 

Lentiform nucleus

豆状核

Putamen

壳

Neostriatum

新纹状体 

Caudate nucleus

尾状核

Claustrum

屏状核

Amygdaloid body

杏仁体

Basal Nuclei

基底核

Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Claustrum

White Matter

     

Association fibers

联络纤维 Run between gyri within the same hemisphere Cerebral arcuate fibers 大脑弓状纤维 Superior longitudinal fasciculi 上纵束 Inferior longitudinal fasciculi 下纵束 Uncinate fasciculus 钩束 Cingulum 扣带

White Matter

  

Commissural fibers

连合纤维

Corpus callosum

胼胝体     Rostrum 胼胝体嘴 Genu 胼胝体膝 Trunk 胼胝体干 Splenium 胼胝体压部 Anterior commissure 前连合 Fornix and commissure of fornix 穹隆和穹隆连合

White Matter

Projection fibers

descending fibers 投射纤维 connect cortex with lower part of brain and spinal cord and they include both ascending and  ★

Internal capsule Position

nucleus : a thick lamina of white matter lying between caudate nucleus, thalamus and lentiform

Internal Capsule

内囊

Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus Dorsal thalamus

Internal Capsule

内囊

Three parts

  

Anterior limb of internal capsule

内囊前肢   Lies between caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus Containing frontopontine tract and anterior thalamic radiation

Genu of internal capsule

内囊膝  Is angle at which anterior and posterior limbs meet  Containing

corticonuclear tract Posterior limb of internal capsule

内囊后肢   Lies between thalamus and lentiform nucleus Contain corticospinal tract, corticorubral tract, central thalamic radiation, parieto-occipito temporo-pontine tract, acoustic radiation and optic radiation

Head of caudate nucleus Corticonuclear tract Corticospinal tract Dorsal thalamus Central thalamic radiation Medial geniculate body Lateral geniculate body Anterior thalamic radiation Frontopontine tract Lentiform nucleus Corticorubral tract Parieto-occipito temporo-pontine tract Acoustic radiation Optic radiation

Limbic System

边缘系统   Composition  

Limbic lobe

: includes septal area, cingulated gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, temporal pole, anterior part of insular lobe and so on

Associated subcortical nuclei:

amygdaloid body, septal nuclei, hypothalamus, epithalamus, anterior nucleus group of thalamus, tegmentum of midbrain Function: concerned with visceral activities, olfaction, emotion and memory, so this system is called ‘visceral brain’