Transcript The Telencephalon

Telencephalon
端
脑
External feature
The telencephalon consists of
right and left cerebral
hemisphere, partially
separated by
cerebral longitudinal fissure
大脑纵裂.
cerebral transverse fissure
大脑横裂.
three surfaces:
Superolateral 上外侧面,
medial 内侧面
Inferior 下面.
Three sulci
Central sulcus
中央沟
Lateral sulcus外侧沟
central sulcus 中央沟
lateral sulcus 外侧沟
parietooccipital sulcus顶枕沟
Parietooccipital sulcus
顶枕沟
Five lobes
Frontal pole
额极
Temporal pole
颞极
frontal lobe 额叶
parietal lobe 顶叶
temporal lobe 颞叶
occipital lobe 枕叶
insular lobe 岛叶
Parietal lobe
Insular lobe
preoccipital notch
枕前切迹.
Occipital
pole 枕极
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Precentral gyrus
中央前回
Postcentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
中央后回
Postcentral sulcus
中央前沟
中央后沟
Superior frontal
sulcus 额上沟
Superior parietal lobule
顶上小叶
Inferior frontal
Intraparietal sulcus
sulcus 额下沟
顶内沟
Superior,middle
and inferioe frontal
gyri 额上、中、下回
Angular gyrus
角回
inferior parietal
Supramarginal
gyrus缘上回
lobule 顶下小叶
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Superior temporal
Gyrus 颞上回
Middle temporal gyrus
颞中回
Superior temporal sulcus
颞上沟
Inferior temporal sulcus
颞下沟
Inferior temporal gyrus 颞下回
Transverse temporal gyri
Medial surface
Corpus callosum
Callosal sulcus 胼胝体
胼胝体沟
cingulate gyrus
扣带回
Paracentral lobule
中央旁小叶
Marginal ramus 边缘支
Cuneus 楔叶
Cingulate sulcus
扣带沟
Calcarine sulcus
距状沟
Lingual
gyrus舌回
Collateral sulcus
侧副沟
Uncus 钩
Parahippocampal
gyrus 海马旁回
Dentate gyrus
齿状回
Inferior surface
Olfactory bulb 嗅球
Olfactory tract 嗅束
Occipitotemporal
sulcus 枕颞沟
Olfactory trigone
嗅三角
Anterior perforated
substance 前穿质
Medial and lateral
occipitotemporal
gyri 枕颞内、外侧回
Hippocampus
海马
Dentate gyrus
齿状回
Hippocampal
formation
海马结构
Histology of the cerebral cortex
archicortex 原皮质
(hippocampal formation)
3 cell layers
paleocortex 旧皮质
(rhinencephalon )
neocortex 新皮质
(most of cerebral cortex)： 6 cell layers
1.分子层 molecular layer
2.外颗粒层 external granular layer
3.外锥体层 external pyrammidal layer
4.内颗粒层internal granular layer
5,节细胞层 ganglionic layer
6.多形细胞层polymorphic layer
Functional location of
the cerebral cortex
1. Primary motor area 第I 躯体运动区

Located in precentral gyrus and anterior portion of paracentral
lobule 中央前回和中央旁小叶前部
1. Primary motor area 第I 躯体运动区
Characters
(1) The body is represented
in the motor area as
inverted, but head and
face are upright
(2) send out fibers to
controll the voluntary
movements of
contralateral limbs.
(3) the size of cortical area
representing parts of the
body is determined by the
functional importance of
the part.

2. Primary somatic sensory area-----第I 躯体感觉区

Lies in postcentral gyrus and posterior portion of
paracentral lobule 中央后回和中央旁小叶后部。
Characters
(1) The body is
represented in the
Sensory area as inverted,
but head and face are
upright
(2) Receives sensations
form the contralateral half
of the body.
(3) the size of cortical
area for a parts of the
body is determined by the
functional importance of
the part.
3. Visual area 视区

Lie on either side of calcarine sulcus 距状沟上下方皮质
in medial surface of occipital lobe
Visual
area of one
hemisphere receives
optic impulse from
temporal part of
retina of same side
and nasal part of
opposite side.
接受来自同侧视网膜颞侧
半，对侧视网膜鼻侧半的
视觉冲动。
4. Auditory area 听区

Located in transverse
gyri 颞横回

Receive auditory
information from both
ears
Vestibular area: located in front of superior temporal gyrus
Olfactory area: located near the uncus
Taste area: located at frontal operculum
Language area 语言中枢
it is dominant in left hemisphere in right-handed person

Motor speech area
运动性语言中枢
(1) Located in posterior portion of inferior frontal gyrus 额下回后部
(Broca 区)
(2) damage: motor aphasia 运动性失语

Writing area 书写中枢
(1) Located in posterior portion of
middle frontal gyrus 额中回后部
(2) Damage: agraphia 失写症

Auditory speech area 听觉性语言中枢
(1) Located in posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus
(2) Lesion: sensory aphasia 感觉性失语

Visual speech area
视觉性语言中枢
(1) Located in angular
gyrus 角回
(2) Lesion: alexia 失读症
Ⅲ. Internal structures
1. lateral ventricle 侧脑室
Position: located in cerebral hemispheres. Divided into
a) Central part 中央部: lies in parietal lobe
b) Anterior horn 前角: extends into frontal lobe
c) Posterior horn 后角 extend into occipital lobe
d) Inferior horn下角: extend into temporal lobe
4 parts:
Ⅲ. Internal structures
1. lateral ventricle侧脑室
Communication
→ interventricular foramen (室间孔)→ third ventricle
2.Basal nuclei: deep within base of cerebral hemisphere
striatum 纹状体
globus pallidus 苍白球
lentiform nucleus
putamen 壳
豆状核
Corpus

Paleostriatum
旧纹状体
Neostriatum 新纹状体
Caudate nucleus尾状核
Claustrum
屏状核
Amygdaloid
杏仁体
body 杏仁体
3.White matter
-- cerebral medullary substance
1. Association fibers 联络纤维
run
between gyri within the same hemisphere
Cerebral arcuate fibers
弓状纤维
Superior longitudinal
fasciculus上纵束
inferior longitudinal
fasciculus 下纵束
Uncinate fasciculus 钩束
Cingulum 扣带
White matter
-- cerebral medullary substance
2. Commissural fibers 连合纤维:
run between left and right hemisphere
(1). Corpus callosum 胼胝体:
rostrum, genu, trunk, splenium
(2). Anterior commissure前连合
Corpus callosum
(3). Fornix 穹窿 and
commissure of
fornix 穹窿连合
White matter
-- cerebral medullary
3. Projection fibers:投射纤维
connect cortex with lower part of
brain and spinal cord and they
include both ascending and
descending fibers
★ Internal capsule 内囊
Position
a thick lamina of white
matter lying between caudate
nucleus, thalamus and lentiform
Nucleus.

Division：
The internal capsule may
be divided into 3 parts
Head of caudate nucleus
Anterior limb 前肢：
lie between the head of caudate
nucleus and lentiform nucleus
Lentiform
nucleus
Genu 膝:
the junction of anterior
and posterior limbs
Posterior limb 后肢:
lie between the thalamus
and lentiform nucleus
Dorsal thalamus

Anterior limb 前肢
Head of caudate nucleus
Anterior thalamic radiation
丘脑前辐射
Frontopontine tract 额桥束
Lentiform
nucleus
Dorsal thalamus
Genu
of internal capsule
内囊膝
Head of caudate nucleus
.
Containing:
corticonuclear tract 皮质核束
Lentiform
nucleus
Dorsal thalamus
Posterior
limb of internal capsule
内囊后肢
.
May be divided into 3 parts
thalamolentiform part丘脑豆状核部
sublentiform part 豆状核下部
retrolentiform part 豆状核后部
The fibers Passing through the
thalamolentiform part include
Corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束
Corticorubral tract 皮质红核束
Central thalamic radiations
丘脑中央辐射
Parietopontine tract
Posterior
limb of internal capsule
内囊后肢
.
sublentiform part 豆状核下部
Acoustic radiation
Acoustic radiation 听辐射
temporopontine tract 颞桥束
retrolentiform part 豆状核后部
Optic radiation 视辐射
occipitopontine tract 枕桥束
Optic radiation
Limbic system 边缘系统


Composition
Limbic lobe 边缘
叶:include
septal area 隔区,
cingulate gyrus 扣带回,
parahippocampal gyrus
海马旁回,
hippocampus 海马,
dentate gyrus齿状回,
temporal pole 颞极,
anterior part of insular
lobe 岛叶前部 。
Limbic system 边缘系统

Associated
subcortical nuclei
皮质下结构:
amygdaloid body杏仁体,
septal nuclei 隔核,
hypothalamus 下丘脑,
epithalamus 上丘脑,
anterior nucleus group of
thalamus 丘脑前核,
tegmentum of midbrain
中脑被盖.
Limbic system 边缘系统
Function:
concerned with visceral
activities, olfaction, emotion
and memory, so this system
is called ‘visceral brain’ 内脏
脑
Anterior thalamic radiation
Head of caudate nucleus
Frontopontine tract
Corticonuclear tract
Lentiform nucleus
Corticorubral tracy
Corticospinal tract
Dorsal thalamus
Central thalamic
radiation
Parieto-occipitotemporo-pontine tract
auditory radiation
Medial geniculate body
Optic radiation
Lateral geniculate body