Transcript The Telencephalon

The Telencephalon
山东大学医学院解剖教研室
李振华
External feature
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The telencephalon consists of
right and left cerebral hemisphere,
partially separated by cerebral
longitudinal fissure.
The cerebral transverse fissure
intervenes between the
hemispheres and the cerebellum
Each hemisphere has three
surfaces: superolateral, medial
and inferior
Three principal sulci
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Central sulcus 中央沟
Lateral sulcus 外侧沟
Parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟
Central sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Five lobes
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Frontal lobe 额叶
Parietal lobe 顶叶
Temporal lobe 颞叶
Occipital lobe 枕叶
Insular lobe 岛叶
Parietal lobe
Insular lobe
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Frontal lobe:
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Precentral sulcus 中央前沟
Superior frontal sulcus 额上沟
Inferior frontal sulcus 额下沟
Precentral gyrus 中央前回
Superior frontal gyrus 额上回
Middle frontal gyrus 额中回
Inferior frontal gyrus 额下回
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Superior frontal sulcus
Inferior frontal sulcus
Superior,
middle
and inferioe
frontal
gyri
Parietal lobe:
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Postcentral sulcus 中央后沟
Postcentral gyrus中央后回
Intraparietal sulcus 顶内沟
Superior parietal lobule 顶上小叶
Inferior parietal lobule 顶下小叶
Supramarginal gyrus 缘上回
Angular gyrus 角回
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Postcentral gyrus
Postcentral sulcus
Superior parietal lobule
Intraparietal sulcus
Supramarginal
gyrus
Angular gyrus
Temporal lobe:
 Superior temporal sulcus 颞上沟
 Inferior temporal sulcus 颞下沟
 Superior temporal gyrus 颞上回
 Middle temporal gyrus 颞中回
 Inferior temporal gyrus 颞下回
 Transverse temporal gyri 颞横回
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Superior temporal sulcus
Superior temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal sulcus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Transverse temporal gyri
Sulci and gyri of Superolateral surface
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Postcentral gyrus
Postcentral sulcus
Superior frontal sulcus
Superior parietal lobule
Inferior frontal sulcus
Superior,
middle
and inferioe
frontal
gyri
Supramarginal
gyrus
Angular gyrus
Superior temporal sulcus
Superior temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal sulcus
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Sulci and gyri of medial surface
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Corpus callosum 胼胝体
Callosal sulcus 胼胝体沟
Cingulate gyrus 扣带沟
Cingulate sulcus 扣带回
Marginal ramus 缘支
Paracentral lobule 中央旁小叶
Calcarine sulcus 距状沟
Cuneus 楔叶
Lingual gyrus 舌回
Sulci and gyri of medial surface
Corpus callosum
Callosal sulcus
cingulate gyrus
Paracentral lobule
Marginal ramus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Cingulate sulcus
Cuneus
Calcarine sulcus
Lingual gyrus
Sulci and gyri of inferior surface
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Olfactory bulb 嗅球
Olfactory tract 嗅束
Olfactory trigone 嗅三角
Anterior perforated substance 前穿质
Collateral sulcus 侧副沟
Occipitotemporal sulcus 枕颞沟
Medial occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞内侧回
Lateral occipitotemporal gyrus 枕颞外侧回
Hippocampal sulcus 海马沟
Parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回
Uncus 钩
Hippocampus 海马
Hippocampal formation 海马结构
Dentate gyrus 齿状回
Inferior surface
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Uncus
Occipitotemporal sulcus
Parahippocampal
gyrus
Medial and lateral
occipitotemporal
gyri
Collateral sulcus
Olfactory trigone
Anterior perforated
substance
Hippocampus
Dentate gyrus
Hippocampal
formation
Histology of the cerebral cortex
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Archicortex 原皮质
(hippocampal formation
海马结构)
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Paleocortex 古皮质
(rhinencephalon 嗅脑)
Neocortex 新皮质
(most of cerebral cortex)
3 cell layers
6 cell layers
Functional location of
cerebral cortex
First somatic motor area 第一躯体运动区
Position: located in precentral gyrus and anterior
portion of paracentral lobule
First somatic motor area第一躯体运动区
Characters
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Representation is inverted,
but head and face are
upright
A body part is represented
by a cortical area
proportional to its use
rather than its size
Receiving fibers from postcentral
gyrus, VA, VL and VPL, sending
out fibers to form pyramidal tract,
controlling voluntary movements
First somatic sensory area第一躯体感觉区
Position－lies in
postcentral gyrus and
posterior portion of
paracentral lobule
First somatic sensory area第一躯体感觉区
Characters
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Sensory representation,
like motor area, is
crossed and inverted
Receiving and interpret
sensation from opposite
side of body
Auditory area 听区
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Located in transverse
temporal gyri
Receive auditory
information from both
ears
Visual area 视区
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Lie on either side of
calcarine sulcus in medial
surface of occipital lobe
Visual cortex of one
hemisphere receives
impression from temporal
part of retina of same side
and nasal part of opposite
side
Lesions of visual cortex
produce contralateral
homonymous visual field
defections
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Vestibular area平衡觉区: located in front of superior
temporal gyrus
Olfactory area 嗅觉区: located near the uncus
Taste area 味觉区: located at frontal operculum
Language area 语言中枢
It is dominant in left hemisphere in
right-handed person
 Motor speech area 运动性语言中枢
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Located in posterior portion of
inferior frontal gyrus
 Damage: motor aphasia
Writing area 书写中枢
 Located in posterior portion of
middle frontal gyrus
 Damage: agraphia
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Auditory speech area
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Visual speech area
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听觉性语言中枢
 Located in posterior portion of
superior temporal gyrus
 Lesion: sensory aphasia
视觉性语言中枢
 Located in angular gyrus
 Lesion: alexia
Internal structures
Lateral ventricle 侧脑室
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Position:
located in cerebral hemispheres
Four parts
 Central part: lies in parietal lobe
 Anterior horn: extends into frontal lobe
 Posterior horn extend into occipital lobe
 Inferior horn: extend into temporal lobe
Communication
lateral ventricle → interventricular foramen → third ventricle
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Basal nuclei 基底核
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Corpus striatum
纹状体
 Lentiform nucleus
豆状核
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Globus pallidus 苍白球－paleostriatum 旧纹状体
putamen 壳
Caudate nucleus
尾状核
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Claustrum 屏状核
Amygdaloid body 杏仁体
Neostriatum 新纹状体
White matter
Association fibers
联络纤维
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Run between gyri within the
same hemisphere
Cerebral arcuate fibers
大脑弓状纤维
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Superior
longitudinal fasciculi
上纵束
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Inferior
longitudinal fasciculi
下纵束
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Uncinate fasciculus 钩束
Cingulum 扣带
Commissural fibers
连合纤维
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－ run between left and
right hemisphere
Corpus callosum胼胝体:
rostrum, genu, trunk,
splenium
Anterior commissure 前连合
Fornix and commissure of
fornix 穹隆和穹隆连合
Projection fibers投射纤维:
connect cortex with lower part of
brain and spinal cord and they
include both ascending and
descending fibers
Internal capsule
 Position: a thick lamina of
white matter lying between
caudate nucleus, thalamus
and lentiform nucleus
Three parts
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Anterior limb of internal capsule
内囊前肢
 Lies between caudate nucleus and
lentiform nucleus
 Containing frontopontine tract and
anterior thalamic radiation
Genu of internal capsule 内囊膝
 Is angle at which anterior and
posterior limbs meet
 Containing corticonuclear tract
Posterior limb of internal capsule
内囊后肢
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Lies between thalamus and lentiform
nucleus
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Contain corticospinal tract,
corticorubral tract, central
thalamic radiation, parietooccipito-temporo-pontine tract,
acoustic radiation and optic
radiation
Anterior thalamic radiation
Head of caudate nucleus
Frontopontine tract
Corticonuclear tract
Corticospinal tract
Dorsal thalamus
Central thalamic
radiation
Lentiform nucleus
Corticorubral tract
Parieto-occipitotemporo-pontine tract
Acoustic radiation
Medial geniculate body
Optic radiation
Lateral geniculate body
Limbic system边缘系统
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Composition
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Limbic lobe: includes septal area, cingulated gyrus, parahippocampal
gyrus, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, temporal pole, anterior part of
insular lobe and so on
Associated subcortical nuclei: amygdaloid body, septal nuclei,
hypothalamus, epithalamus, anterior nucleus group of thalamus,
tegmentum of midbrain
Function: concerned with visceral activities, olfaction, emotion
and memory, so this system is called ‘visceral brain’