Transcript Omejevanje mednarodne trgovine

Omejevanje mednarodne
trgovine
SPS sporazum
SPS sporazum
Sporazum WTO o sanitarnih in
fitosanitarnih standardih
Namen  vzpostaviti
?enoten?
?harmoniziran?
?učinkovit?
Sistem delovanja DČ na področju ukrepov
sanitarne in fitosanitarne narave
SPS sporazum
 Kaj so sanitarni in fitosanitarni ukrepi?
 1. Sanitary or phytosanitary measure — Any measure applied:
 (a) to protect animal or plant life or health within the territory of the Member from
risks arising from the entry, establishment or spread of pests, diseases, diseasecarrying organisms or disease-causing organisms;
 (b) to protect human or animal life or health within the territory of the Member
from risks arising from additives, contaminants, toxins or disease-causing
organisms in foods, beverages or feedstuffs;
 (c) to protect human life or health within the territory of the Member from risks
arising from diseases carried by animals, plants or products thereof, or from the
entry, establishment or spread of pests; or
 (d) to prevent or limit other damage within the territory of the Member from the
entry, establishment or spread of pests.
 Sanitary or phytosanitary measures include all relevant laws, decrees,
regulations, requirements and procedures including, inter alia, end product
criteria; processes and production methods; testing, inspection, certification and
approval procedures; quarantine treatments including relevant requirements
associated with the transport of animals or plants, or with the materials
necessary for their survival during transport; provisions on relevant statistical
methods, sampling procedures and methods of risk assessment; and packaging
and labelling requirements directly related to food safety.
SPS sporazum
 Področje ocenjevanja/omejevanja tveganj (risk
assessment)
 DČ samostojno odločajo o tveganjih in ukrepih za
njihovo preprečevanje
 Razlika v percepcijah tveganj (politični, ekonomski,
družbeni vplivi) 
 Potencialna omejevanja mednarodne trgovine
 Različni sistemi, metode ocenjevanja, omejevanja
tveganj
 Risk assessment / Precautionary principle
 Zato  SPS Agreement
 Načelo nediskriminatornosti
 Dvotirni sistem standardov za ukrepe
SPS sporazum
 Načelo nediskriminatornosti / sorazmernosti (2. člen SPS)
 Members have the right to take sanitary and phytosanitary measures
necessary for the protection of human, animal or plant life or health,
provided that such measures are not inconsistent with the provisions of
this Agreement.
 2. Members shall ensure that any sanitary or phytosanitary measure is
applied only to the extent necessary to protect human, animal or
plant life or health, is based on scientific principles and is not maintained
without sufficient scientific evidence, except as provided for in
paragraph 7 of Article 5.
 3. Members shall ensure that their sanitary and phytosanitary measures
do not arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate between Members
where identical or similar conditions prevail, including between their own
territory and that of other Members. Sanitary and phytosanitary
measures shall not be applied in a manner which would constitute a
disguised restriction on international trade.
SPS sporazum
 SPS sporazum uvaja dvotirni sistem dovoljenih
ukrepov
Harmonizacijski standard /Avtonomni standard
3. člen SPS (Harmonizacijski standard)
(1) [t]o harmonize sanitary and phytosanitary measures
… Members shall base their sanitary or phytosanitary
measures on international standards, guidelines or
recommendations, where they exist; …
(2) Sanitary or phytosanitary measures which conform
to international standards, guidelines or
recommendations shall be deemed to be necessary to
protect human, animal or plant life or health, and
presumed to be consistent with the relevant provisions
of this Agreement and of GATT 1994.
SPS sporazum
 SPS sporazum uvaja dvotirni sistem dovoljenih
ukrepov
Harmonizacijski standard /Avtonomni standard
3. člen SPS (Avtonomni standard)
3. Members may introduce or maintain sanitary or
phytosanitary measures which result in a higher level of
sanitary or phytosanitary protection than would be
achieved by measures based on the relevant
international standards, guidelines or recommendations,
if there is a scientific justification, or as a consequence
of the level of sanitary or phytosanitary protection a
Member determines to be appropriate in accordance
with the relevant provisions of paragraphs 1 through 8 of
Article 5.
SPS sporazum
 Temeljna težava (kot ste lahko ugotovili…)
Avtonomni standard
 SPS forsira harmonizacijo
 Možnost DČ, da intenzivno odstopajo od mednarodno
dogovorjenih standardov, je omejena.
 Beef Hormones
• Article 3.1 imposes an obligation on all Members to base their
sanitary measures on international standards except as
otherwise provided for in the SPS Agreement, and in particular
in Article 3.3 thereof. In this sense, Article 3.3 provides an
exception to the general obligation contained in Article 3.1.
 Izrazito “napeta” intepretacija! - sledi tudi - sicer
nepravilna – odločitev panela, da je dokazno breme zato
na toženi stranki…
SPS sporazum
Dodatna težava  kdaj so standardi, ki
odstopajo od mednarodnih, dovoljeni
(poleg nediskriminacije)
“…if there is a scientific justification…”
Ni sporazuma o metodi znanstvene
utemeljenosti
2 temeljni metodi 
Risk assessment
Precautionary principle
SPS sporazum
 Risk assessment
 Klasična, znanstvena metoda
 Znanost kot “nevtralni arbiter”
 Ni vrednot pri odločanju
 Širši družbeni konsenz ni pomemben/potreben
 Širok manevrski prostor za potencialne kršitelje
(multinacionalke…)
 Temeljni kriteriji:
 Hazard identification
 Dose-response evaluation
 Human exposure evaluation
 Risk characterization
SPS sporazum
Precautionary principle
RISK ASSESSMENT +
Upoštevanje družbenega konsenza
Upoštevanje preferenc potencialno ogroženih
Upoštevanje zgodovinskih, socialnih, političnih
parametrov
Ketelson:
• Those of us who support the Precautionary Principle do so in part because
we perceive our democratic rights to a clean environment and health have
been violated”
“This technocratic process (risk assessment) purports to put the decisions
into an objective framework but the process gives greater power to
corporate interests and tends to violate individual and collective rights to
health”
SPS sporazum
Pomanjkljivost  odprta vrata za
protekcionizem…
Ameriški pogled:
 The Precautionary Principle is a nebulous doctrine developed by Europeans as a
means to erect a trade barrier against any item that can be produced more
efficiently in the United States.
Evropski odgovor:
“We do not spend our days in Brussels – as some
might think – in Machiavellian plotting to apply
precaution to the detriment of US businesses”
(Margot Wallstrom: Head of European Union
Environmental Commission)
SPS sporazum
WTO seveda ne da dokončnega odgovora
o “boljši” metodi…