Transcript Slide 1

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‫مالحظات قانوني اخذ رضايت اگاهانه در‬
‫اقدامات درماني‬
‫‪7/21/2015‬‬
‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
‫خدمت و شکایات ‪93/12/10‬‬
‫دكتر ميترا اخالقي‬
‫دانشيار گروه پزشكي قانوني دانشگاه علوم‬
‫پزشكي تهران‬
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
‫خدمت و شکایات‬
93/12/10
7/21/2015
Criteria for valid consent
When is a person incapable of giving consent?
Exceptions of taking informed consent
Who is legally responsible for obtaining consent?
What is the role of nurses?
Is the consent of a patient’s spouse required for any
procedure?
• Can a patient refuse treatment?
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•
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
• The goal of informed consent is patient autonomy or
self-determination
• Treating him or her without consent is considered
battery.
• Treating a patient without adequately informing him
or her about the treatment is considered negligence
• Perception of patients :informed consent form is “just
a legal release” for the doctor or hospital
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Valid consent
• The mere mechanical signing of a consent form is,
of itself, of limited value.
• Criteria for valid consent
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Legal procedure
Competency to consent
Information
Voluntary
Particular treatment
Particular care giver
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
General Barriers to Patient-Physician
Communication
• Language
• Dysphonia
• Time constraints on physician
or patient
• Unavailability of physician or
patient to meet face to face
• Illness
Altered mental state
Medication effects
Cerebrovascular event
Psychologic or emotional
distress
• Gender differences
• Other
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•
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Capacity
• There is no single legal test or definition of
competency.
• A person who has reached the legal statutory age
can consent to treatment
• Patient who is not fluent in persian, Deaf or other
special communication needs does not lack
capacity to make decisions
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
• Important factors can hinder a patient’s ability to
participate in shared decision making, such as :
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▫
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Disease itself
Anxiety
Pain
Various therapeutic interventions
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Incompetent
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Children
Mental illness
Dementia
Brain damage or intellectual disability
Temporarily or permanently impaired by drugs or
alcohol.
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Information
• Information should be disclosed in easily
understood terminology.
• For procedures performed by a physician, it is the
physician’s duty and responsibility to inform
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Inform about
• Diagnosis
• Outcome of not having the diagnostic procedure or
treatment
• Expected benefits
• Known risks should be disclosed when :
▫ An adverse outcome is a common event though the
detriment is slight
▫ An outcome is severe even though its occurrence is rare
• Whether the procedure is conventional or experimental
• Time and cost involved
• Other options for treatment
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Can information be withheld from the
patient?
• Limited
• Therapeutic privilege
▫ Reasonable belief that disclosure of a risk would
prove damaging to the patient’s health.
• Information cannot be withheld from substitute
decision makers
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
• The patient expressly directs the practitioner to
make the decisions, and does not want the offered
information.
▫ Even in this case the practitioner should give the
patient basic information about the diagnosis and
treatment
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Freedom
• pressure from :
▫ Hospital staff
▫ Medical practitioner
▫ Family
• Pressuring a patient into making a quick decision
could be considered coercion.
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
When Does “written” consent need to be
obtained?
• All operations or procedures requiring general,
spinal, epidural, or regional anesthesia or IV
sedation
• Any invasive procedure or treatment where there
are known significant risks or complications
• Blood transfusions or the administration of
blood products
• Experimental treatment
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
• Signed consent forms are not required for minor
procedures performed under local anesthesia:
▫ Insertion of IV cannulae, urethral catheterisation,
suture of minor lacerations
▫ The procedure must still be explained to the patient
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Who is responsible for obtaining the
consent?
• A physician should provide the information and
obtain consent for medical or surgical
interventions.
• The practitioner can ask another practitioner to
seek consent.
• A nurse for carrying out an invasive nursing
procedure
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Exceptions
• Emergency
▫ The patient is incapable of giving consent, capable
of giving consent and refuses to do so, or neither
gives nor refuses consent
• Where the law says patients must have treatment
▫ Immigrants
▫ Members of armed forces
▫ Handlers of food & dairy milk
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
‫خدمت و شکایات ‪93/12/10‬‬
‫• فوریتهای پزشکی به مواردی از اعمال پزشکی اطالق میشود که‬
‫بایستی بيماران را سریعا ً مورد رسيدگی و درمان قرارداد و چنانچه‬
‫اقدام فوری به عمل نيایدباعث خطرات جانی‪ ،‬نقص عضو‪ ،‬یا‬
‫عوارض صعبالعالج و یا غير قابل جبران خواهد شد‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬مسموميتها‬
‫‪ - 2‬سوختگيها‬
‫‪ - 3‬زایمانها‬
‫‪ - 4‬صدمات ناشی از حوادث و سوانح و وسائط نقليه‬
‫‪ - 5‬سکتههای قلبی و مغزی‬
‫‪ - 6‬خونریزیها و شوکها‬
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‫‪7/21/2015‬‬
‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
‫خدمت و شکایات ‪93/12/10‬‬
‫• ‪ - 7‬اغماء‬
‫‪ - 8‬اختالالت تنفسی شدید و خفگیها‬
‫‪ - 9‬تشنجات‬
‫‪ - 10‬بيماریهای عفونی خطرناک مانند مننژیتها‬
‫‪ - 11‬بيماریهای نوزادانی که نياز به تعویض خون دارند‬
‫‪ - 12‬سایر مواردی که در شمول تعریف ماده ‪ 1‬قرار میگيرد‪.‬‬
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Informed Consent Process
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•
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•
Find a private, quiet place
Provide all relevant information
Check for understanding
Allow patient/family to ask questions
Obtain consent from patient/family
▫ Allow time to read consent and consider options
▫ Obtain signatures
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Considerations
• For elective procedures, consent should be obtained in a
suitable environment with adequate time to discuss
details of the procedure.
• Brochure ,… should not be used as a substitute for
ascertaining whether a person understands.
• It is prudent to have written opinion from an expert
colleaugue stating necessity of the emergency surgery
without consent
• Notes should be made about a patient's refusal to accept
recommended treatment.
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
• Coincidental & non-urgent problem should be dealt
later after informed consent
• Any additional procedure during surgery needs
obtaining specific consent for that procedure, even
where the additional procedure appears desirable.
▫ Except where during a procedure, it becomes
necessary to save an adult person’s life or prevent
serious injury .
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
• The general rule is that consent will remain valid
until
▫ Withdrawn by the patient
▫ The patient’s circumstances change
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Tips to keep in mind while writing
• Use simple language and non-technical terms
(avoid medical terminology)
• Avoid abbreviations
• Explain technical terms
▫ Noninvasive :without surgery, needles, or cutting skin
▫ Arteriovenous fistula :abnormal opening between any
artery and vein
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Can a patient refuse treatment?
• Treating a competent patient who has validly refused
treatment could constitute an assault .
• It is preferable that any discussions about refusal of
treatment is recorded in detail in the medical record
& signed by the patient.
• If the patient’s circumstances change significantly,
the refusal may not remain valid and may need to be
confirmed.
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Where the refusal may be life threatening
• In an emergency, the medical practitioner can
treat with his professional judgment of the
patient’s best interests, until legal advice can be
obtained.
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Informed discharge
▫ in the post-operative or post-discharge period
inform the patient of clinical signs and
symptoms that may indicate the need for
immediate treatment such that the patient will
know to visit the physician or return to the
hospital/facility.
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
What is the role of nurses?
• Documenting the informed consent
• witness a client’s signature on the consent Form
• The client expresses consent to nursing care
either verbally or implicitly by action
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
93/12/10 ‫خدمت و شکایات‬
7/21/2015
Is the consent of a patient’s spouse
required for any procedure?
• An adult female may sign her own consent.
• Only the procedures involving reproductivity in
female patients require informed consent of the
husband
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
‫خدمت و شکایات ‪93/12/10‬‬
‫مجازات افشای اسرار‬
‫• پزشكان‪ ،‬جراحان‪ ،‬ماماها و داروفروشان وكسانی كه به مناسبت‬
‫شغل یا حرفه شان محرم اسرار می شوند هرگاه درغير موارد قانونی‬
‫اسرار مردم را افشا كنند به ‪ 3‬ماه و یك روز تا یك سال حبس یا به‬
‫جزای نقدی یك ميليون و ‪500‬هزار تا ‪ 6‬ميليون لایر محكوم می‬
‫شوند‪.‬‬
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
‫خدمت و شکایات ‪93/12/10‬‬
‫قانون مجازات خودداری از کمک‬
‫به مصدومين و رفع مخاطرات جانی‬
‫•‬
‫ماده واحده ‪ - 1-‬هرکس شخص یا اشخاصی را در معرض خطر‬
‫جانی مشاهده کند و بتواند با اقدام فوری خود یا کمک طلبيدن از‬
‫دیگران یا اعالم فوری بهمراجع یا مقامات صالحيتدار از وقوع‬
‫خطر یا تشدید نتيجه آن جلوگيری کند بدون اینکه با این اقدام‬
‫خطری متوجه خود خود او یا دیگران شود و باوجود استمداد یا‬
‫داللت اوضاع و احوال بر ضرورت کمک از اقدام به این امر‬
‫خودداری نماید به حبس جنحهای تا یک سال و یا جزای نقدی تا‬
‫پنجاههزار لایر محکوم خواهد شد‪.‬‬
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
‫خدمت و شکایات ‪93/12/10‬‬
‫• در این مورد اگر مرتکب از کسانی باشد که به اقتضای حرفه خود‬
‫میتوانسته کمک مؤثری بنماید به حبس جنحهای از سهماه تا دو‬
‫سال یا جزای نقدی از ده هزار لایر تا یکصد هزار لایر محکوم‬
‫خواهد شد‪.‬‬
‫• مسئوالن مراکز درمانی اعم از دولتی یا خصوصی که از پذیرفتن‬
‫شخص آسيبدیده و اقدام به درمان او یا کمکهای اوليه امتناع نمایند‬
‫به حداکثر مجازات ذکر شده محکوم میشوند‪.‬‬
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‫سمينار اموزشی حقوق گيرنده‬
‫خدمت و شکایات ‪93/12/10‬‬
‫• ‪ - 2‬هرگاه کسانی که حسب وظيفه یا قانون مکلفند به اشخاص‬
‫آسيبدیده یا اشخاصی که در معرض خطر جانی قرار دارند کمک‬
‫نمایند از اقدامالزم و کمک به آنها خودداری کنند‪ ،‬به حبس جنحهای‬
‫از شش ماه تا سه سال محکوم خواهند شد‪.‬‬