Transcript CH 30 Africa and the Middle East

CH 30 Africa and the
Middle East
CH 30.1
Independence in
Africa
Independence and new nations
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Colonial rule in Africa was no longer
possible after WWII
United Nations charter declares that
all colonial people should have the
right to self-determination
Ghana
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1957
First nation to gain independence
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Under Kwame Nkrumah
17 other nations emerged
by 1960 including Kenya, Nigeria,
Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Another 11 nations between 1961 and
1965
Algeria
France had granted
full independence to
Morocco and Tunisia
in 1965
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Would not give up Algeria
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More than 1 Million French lived there
Guerilla warfare by nationalists
1962 independence granted
South Africa
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Whites had dominated the political
system
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African National Congress (ANC)
1912
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Descendents of the Dutch (Afrikaners)
Fought against injustice
1950s - Laws separating whites and
blacks were strengthened
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Apartheid – “Apartness”
South Africa
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1960 – Police opened fire on peaceful
protestors in Sharpeville
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69 killed
2/3 of
which were
shot in the
back
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South Africa
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1962 – ANC leader Nelson Mandela
arrested
ANC called for
armed resistance against the white government
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Pan Africanism
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Unity for all black Africans
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Regardless of national boundaries
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Where did boundaries come from?
Supported by many of the new leaders
Organization of African Unity (OAU)
1963
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32 African states at first
53 today – African Union (AU)
Economic Changes
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Many new leaders had western educations
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Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya)
General Mobutu Sese Seko (DemRep Congo)
Believed in Western Capitalism
Julius Nyerere (Tanzania)
Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)
Sekou Toure (Guinea)
 “African Socialism”
 Wealth of the country should be shared with the
people
Economic Challenges
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Many African nations rely on the
export of a single crop or natural
resource
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No development of new industry
hurt economies
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Liberia – rubber
Nigeria – oil
Relying on imports
Lots of corruption
Economic Challenges
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Droughts have forced people into
cities looking for jobs
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Massive poverty stricken populations
live in slums outside the cities
Health Challenges
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Slums have no electricity or running
water
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Complete lack of sanitation
Disease spreads quickly
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AIDS
Nearly 2/3 of people who have AIDS
live in Africa
Political Challenges
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Africa has a history of violent overthrows
of governments
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Most nations have been ruled by a single
person or by the military
Sudan –
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Darfur
Arab militias attacked African tribal groups
 Tens of thousands killed
 Millions fled to refugee camps
Political Challenges
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Hutu and Tutsi
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Rwanda
Divided population, but Hutu ran the govt
Resented the better treatment that the Tutsi
had gotten by colonial govt
 1994 – Civil war
 Genocide – est. 500k Tutsis killed
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Tutsis took control
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Chased Hutus into DRC
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As many as 3.5 M may have been killed
New Hopes
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Many dictatorships have been replaced
with democratically elected leaders today
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Idi Amin – Uganda
End of Apartheid
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1994 Mandela elected President
Bishop Desmond Tutu worked to free Mandela
and also end apartheid
Society and Culture
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Westernization has taken place in
the cities of Africa, not so much in
the rural areas
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Still very traditional in rural areas
Women
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Have the right to vote
Most employed in low wage jobs
Many arranged marriages take place
30.2 Middle East-Geography
-Crossroads for the people of Africa, Asia, and Europe
-an enormous diversity of people, belief systems, and
cultures
-oil (brought power-important to global economy)
-oil is why countries around the world
take an active interest in middle eastern
Affairs
-limited water supply
(conflicts over water rights)
Geography
Persian Gulf
 Strait of Hormuz
 Suez Canal (important link between
Europe and Asia)
*****Are all trade routes for petroleum
exports to nations around the world
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Populations
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Muslims
 Sunni (conservative)
 Shiites (progressive)
 Kurds (non-Arab Muslims: Syria, Turkey)
Jews
Christians
religious, racial, and cultural prejudices
Israeli/Palestinian conflict
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People of Arab and Jewish decent fight over homeland.
(Jewish Zionist)
1947 United Nations divide Palestine in half
creating Israel and Palestine)
Arabs did not accept this agreement
Wanted to restore Palestine
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1948 Israel invaded by 6 Arab States but were
defeated
700, 000 Arabs become refugees with no where
to go
Refused entry by neighboring Arab countries
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Refugee camps
Growing ethnic tension
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PLO-Palestine Liberation Organization (1964)
Led by Yasir Arafat
Designed to destroy Israel
Terrorist attacks on Israel
Intifada-violent demonstrations by young
Palestinians
SIX DAY WAR
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1973-Egypt and Syria launch a war
against Israel
Acquisition of Golan Heights, West
Bank and the Gaza strip by the
Israelites
As a result of the war oil prices sky
rocket
OPEC:Organization of the Petroleum
Exporting Countries (refused to sell
oil to countries friendly with Israel)
Peace Attempt
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Camp David Accords (1978)
Jimmy Carter(USA), Anwar Sadat
(Egypt), Prime Minister Menachim
(Israel)
Israel would return lands taken from
Egypt in exchange for peace
between the two countries
Peace Attempt
Middle East Peace Conference (1991)
Oslo Accords (1993)- Itzhak Rabin
(Israel) and Yasir Arafat (PLO)
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gave Palestinians self-gov. over Gaza
strip
PLO ended opposition to Israel's
existence
Conflicts remain
because of terrorist
groups
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Iranian Revolution
 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeni
Restoring conservative Islamic fundamental beliefs
 Extremely hostile to the West
 No separation of church and gov.
 Rights taken away from women
 Encourage Muslims in other countries to overthrow
secular governments
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Iran-Iraq war (1980)
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Sadaam Hussein- dictator in Iraq (Sunni)
Border dispute
Lasted 8 years – No “winner”
Persian Gulf War (1990)
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1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait and seized its oil
fields
United States orders a trade embargo or Iraq
Iraq refused to withdraw and Kuwait was
liberated
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The Iraq War
 2001
 Prove they did not have WMD’s according to United
Nations requirements
 No weapons, but human rights violations discovered
 Invasion of Iraq and taking down Sadaam Hussein
 Troops start to leave in 2011 (December)
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The Talliban in Afghanistan
 Imposed strict religious beliefs
 al Queda-Islamic terrorist group
 Osama Bin Laden-al Queda terrorist leader
War on Terrorism (2001)-goal to stabilize religion
and establish democratic government
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Continued importance of
the Middle East to the
global economy is based
on its quantity of oil
reserves
Economic development
is limited because of
political instability
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Israel
 includes women in all facets of society
(democratic)
Iran and Afghanistan
 more traditional
 women do not have many rights
Saudi Arabia
 women have the right to vote
 Do not have the right to drive