Transcript WORLD ISSUES CH 14 & 15

WORLD ISSUES
CH 14 & 15
15.1 Modern Africa
• UN Charter- all colonial
people have right to selfdetermination.
• (indepedence)
• Many white Africans resisted
giving up their privileged
status.
• independence led to rule by
indigenous leaders
• 1960-65, 28 African countries
gained independence!
White Board
• 1. what were some European nations that had
African colonies?
• 2. What were the only independent African
nations prior to this era
Ghana
• Gold Coast ->Ghana in
1957
• first former British
African colony to gain
independence
• Kwame Nkrumah leader
• Nkrumah preferred
socialism to put
ownership of country’s
wealth into hands of
society.
Algeria
• France kept control of Algeria,
– one million French settlers.
• nationalists formed National
Liberation Front (F.L.N.) &
started a guerrilla war for
independence.
• Charles DeGaulle eventually
granted Algerian
independence in 1962.
Kenyan Independence
• Jomo Kenyatta founded the Kenya African
National Union- gain independence from
Britain.
• imprisoned on charges of supporting Mau
Mau terrorists.
– Mau Mau attacked British and whites in
Kwenya
• After his release, Kenyatta led Kenya to
independence in 1963 and served as its
president from 1964 until his death in
1978.
• He encouraged development of Westernstyle capitalism.
White Board
• From the 3 nations we discussed what is one
similarity and one differnce?
South Africa
• Blacks formed the African National Congress (A.N.C.) against
white rule.
• Afrikaners (Dutch settlers, “Boers”) became more repressive apartheid (“apartness.”)
• 1960, white police opened fire on blacks engaged in a
peaceful protest in Sharpeville, killing 69 protestors
• 1962 A.N.C. leader Nelson Mandela was arrested.
– A.N.C. called for armed resistance vs. white govt.
Mandela & Tutu
• Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in prison for his
work in ANC
• Desmond Tutu worked nonviolently to free
Mandela & end South African apartheid.
• Won Nobel Peace Prize
End OF Apartheid
• Mandela’s unjust
imprisonment gained world
attention
• 1990, president F.W. DeKlerk
released Mandela and agreed
to hold democratic elections
for all races.
New S Africa
• Mandela was elected first
black president of South
Africa in 1994.
• In spirit of reconciliation
Mandela said, “We shall
build a society in which all
South Africans, both black
and white, will be able
to walk tall… assured of their
inalienable right to human
dignity…”
• Both Mandela & De Klerk
were awarded Nobel Peace
Prize!
• Today S Africa still struggles
with poverty and crime but
are slowly improving.
Pan-Africanism
• was supported by many new African leaders.
• All 53 African nations have joined the African
Union formed in 2002.
• The A.U. promotes democracy &economic
growth.
• Most African economies depend upon a single
cash-crop or resource export.
• import most of technology and manufactured
goods from the West (results in a poor balance of
trade.)
Africa II Current Problems in Africa
Rwanda Civil War
• -Hutus- majority- little power in the country
• -Tutsis-Minority- Control of countries
government
White Board
• What are some Current Issues in Africa you
have heard or read about?
Genocide of Tutsis
• 1994 Hutu leaders told
their people to kill Tutsis
and people supported
them
– 800,000 Tutsis and their
Hutu supporters killed
– Civil war spread to the
Congo
• Fighting continued past
2000. United Nations came
in to bring Peace
• approx 3 ½ million people
had been killed by violence,
hunger & disease.
White Board
• What other events are like this?
Crisis in Darfur country of Sudan
• Sudan is an Arab controlled country
Darfur south Sudan- Non- Arabs live
• 2003 Government said to
support Janjaweed militia
to kill and kick non Arabs
and drive them out the
country
• Killed 450,000 and burned
down entire villages
• 2.7 Million kicked out of
their country live refugee
camps
AIDS is an epidemic
• 2/3 of AIDS victims worldwide
live in Africa, south of the
Sahara.
• Many children have become
orphans. Traditional support
from extended families has
broken down.
• Many countries do not have
money needed for health &
education facilities or to
purchase medicine.
• Uganda has engaged in an
impressive campaign to fight
AIDS with support from local &
international authorities, to
provide health & sex education.
Discuss
• What things in the US help control the
number of aids cases?
• What can African nations or the world do to
help the situation
Problems
• Some new states spent their money on military equipment
or went few rich
– Did not industrialize.
• Corruption & bribery became common.
• High population & drought led to malnutrition, famine &
disease.
• Political unrest & civil war have made farming and
distribution of food very difficult.
• Poverty is worst in rural areas, in which 75% of Africans
live.
• Cities grow looking for work
– leading to: overcrowding, slums, poor sanitation & traffic jams.
• Polarized-Millions have no running water or electricity.
while wabenzi enjoy lavish lifestyles.
Disunity in Africa
• After independence, many hoped for
development of stable, democratic African govts.,
but many became military regimes & oneparty states.
• Cold War created problems as superpowers
competed for influence.
• Concept of nationhood undermined by warring
ethnic groups (tribalism.) Most national borders
arbitrarily
drawn by European colonists.
Women's Rights
• Women are allowed to vote, but
few hold public office.
• Women dominate some
professions such as teaching
& secretarial work, but do
not have access to higher paying
professions.
• Most females work at home, in
low-paid farm & factory jobs or
as house servants.
• In rural areas, husbands are
chosen for women by their
families.
15.2The Middle East
• May 14, 1948 in Tel Aviv, David Ben-Gurion
proclaimed the state of Israel. “The land of
Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people.
Here their spiritual, religious and national
identity was formed. In their exile… the Jews
remained faithful to it… never ceasing to hope
and pray for the restoration of their national
freedom…”
Zionsim-The Creation of
Israel
• Both Jews & Muslim Arabs
claimed Palestine.
• During 1920s & 30s many Jews
moved to Palestine, fleeing
from Nazi persecution.
• 1948 U.N. resolution divided
Palestine into a Jewish state and
an Arab state.
– Israel & Palestine
White Board
• What event in the 1940’s caused the world
want to give the Jewish people a homeland?
Arab Israeli Conflict
• 1st Arab Israeli War
• Arab nations saw this as a betrayal and launched a
failed invasion of Israel,
– But still refused to recognized Israel’s right to exist.
• Many Palestinian Arabs fled to neighboring Muslim
countries as refugees.
• This has contributed to terrorist attacks & violent
retaliations.
Egypt takes
the Suez
Suez War
• Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser seized
the Suez Canal from British and French in
1956.
– Britain, France & Israel launched a joint attack on
Egypt.
– Americans & Soviets supported Egypt and forced
the three attacking nations to withdraw.
Six Day War
• 1967 Nasser blockaded Israeli ships from using
the Gulf of Aqaba.
• Israeli warplanes responded by destroying
nearly entire Egyptian air force.
• Israeli armies broke blockade and occupied
the Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, Jerusalem &
Golan Heights.
•
A million more Arabs lived under Israeli
control.
White Board
Based on the map what areas did Israel take
after the 6 day war?
October war
• 1973 Arab forces led by
Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat
launched a new attack on
Israel. A cease-fire agreement
was reached by the U.N.
• During this war, Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries
(O.P.E.C.) announced price
hikes & lower production,
causing oil shortages in West.
• Forced Israel to fear the threat
of an Egyptian Attack
Camp David Accords 1978
• U.S. President Jimmy Carter invited Egyptian
president Sadat & Israeli prime minister
Menachim Begin to Camp David, Maryland to
for first peace treaty between an Arab country
(Egypt) & Israel.
• E- recognizes Isreal
And will no longer
attack
• I- will return Sinai
Discuss
• Will Sadat be seen as a hero or a villain by
other Arab nations?
Sadat later assassinated
• by Muslim fanatics in Egypt who felt that he
had betrayed them by making peace w. Israel.
Palestinian Liberation Organization (P.L.O.)
• believed only Palestinian Arabs should have
nation in Palestine.
• P.L.O. leader Yasir Arafat led terrorist attacks vs.
Israel starting in 1960s.
• failure to achieve self-rule P.L.O. supporters living
in Israel began militant movement in1980sknown
as the intifada.
• A second intifada started in 2000.
Discuss
• What do the Palestinians want and do you feel
they have a reason to be upset?
Israel & the P.L.O.
reached an
agreement
• autonomy for Palestinian Authority (led by
Arafat) in return P.L.O. official recognition of
the state of Israel.
• There is no fully free Palestinian state.
• Jewish extremists want to continue building
Jewish homes in the West Bank and Gaza
Strip.
• Tensions exist to this day
Iran
• Oil revenue helped Iran become
rich & the shah was an ally of the
U.S.
• Devout Muslims believed
modernizing influences (greed &
materialism) corrupted Iranian
culture.
• Ayatollah (Shiite Muslim holy man)
Khomeini denounced Westernizing
policies,
– mass protests vs. shah, who fled in
1979.
– Shah’s supporters either fled or were
executed.
Iranian revolution led to Islamic
republic
• (theocracy) led by Khomeini.
• Anti-American sentiment erupted in Nov.
1979 when militants seized 52 U.S. hostages
from embassy.
Iran(Shiite) Iraq(Sunni) War 1980-1988
• Iraq fought over religion &territory (strategic
Strait of Hormuz.) from 1980-1988.
• Saddam Hussein attacked in 1980.
• used children to clear minefields, poison gas
used vs. civilians
• Brutal against Kurds, northern ethnic minority
who want their own state.
• Ceasefire in 1988,
Khomeini died in 1989,
• new govt. under Pres Hashemi Rafsanjani
loosened some control over society.
Criticisms on Iran
• youth wanted more freedoms and to an end
to power of conservative clerics.
• official corruption and high inflation sparked
new wave of govt. repression.
• Current president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
has anti-Israel position
• aggressive development of nuclear power &
human rights violations.
15.3 Terrorism
• Terrorists commit horrible acts of violence vs.
innocent victims to intimidate states & get
publicity for their “cause.” Some believe
they’re fulfilling “God’s will” & willing (&
eager) to die!
Terrorist acts have greatly increased in
the later 20th century.
• Foreign Terrorist Organizations include:
guerrillas in Latin America, militants to
liberate Palestine, Islamic militants fighting
Western influence in Middle East & separatists
seeking independent states.
Irish Republican Army (I.R.A.)
• used terrorism to push Great Britain to give up
Northern Ireland,
• Northern Irish ruled mostly by Protestants and
the I. R. A. is Catholic.
State-sponsored terrorism
• militant govts. such as: Iraq, Iran, Syria, Libya
& N. Korea have trained,
• financed & protected terrorists who have
same views
Christians & Muslims
• Many have viewed each other w. hostility
since the time of the Muslim Jihads & the
Christian Crusades.
• Extremists stir up resentment vs. wealthy
West and recruit terrorists among the poor.
Terrorist anger at the West
• Westerners are often the targets of terrorism
in Muslim world (Islamic vs. modern cultures.)
• Offensive western values: materialism,
women’s rights, freedom of speech, freedom
of religion, separation of church & state,
freedom to choose own lifestyle, vices of
extramarital sex and recreational drug use,
influence of Western movies, music,
immorality, etc.
Arab-Israeli conflict- base of conflict
• 2004 head of P.L.O. Yasir Arafat died.
Mahmoud Abbas elected new president of
West Bank Palestinian Authority in 2005.
US influence in the Middle East
• 1920s U.S. began investing in
Middle East oil industry.
• wealth to ruling families but
most citizens remain poor.
– Anger at U.S. for supporting
these families.
• Some Muslims feared that U.S.
business would weaken their
religion & culture.
• US support of Israel angers
many Middle East and has made
U.S. a terrorist target.
“pure” Islamic society.
• After Iranian Islamic revolution of 1979,
“religious police” enforced strict, conservative
clothing styles,
social values & legal
system.
• This practice has spread to other Muslim
countries.
Islam and
Women
• In Muhammad’s time Muslim women
had political and social rights.
Restrictions on women came later.
• 19th & 20th centuries, some Muslim
scholars debated restrictions on
women.
• Women’s rights began to increase in
nations such as Turkey & Iran (till 1979 )
The US War on Terror Afghanistan and
Iraq
Afghanistan
• After WWII, king of Afghanistan developed
close ties USSR
• New Communist leaders were opposed by
Afghan rebels who wanted an Islamic state.
1979, Soviets launch an invasion
U.S. help Mujahedin
“freedom fighters” vs.
Soviets.
• Muslims headed to Afghanistan
to fight Soviets,
– Osama bin Laden (from wealthy Saudi Arabian family.)
• 1988 bin Laden founded al-Qaeda “the base” which
recruited Muslims, sent money & arms to
Afghanistan.
1989 soviet leave Afghanistan
– Bin Laden convinced that
superpowers could be
beaten.
• believed Western ideas
have contaminated Muslim
societies
• Angry Saudi leaders
allowed U.S. troops to use
Saudi Arabia as a base
Bin Laden Terrorist Leader
• He used Taliban-controlled
Afghanistan for training alQaeda recruits.
• Taliban is an extremist- Muslim
fundamentalist:
• Al Qaeda bombed U.S.
embassies in Kenya & Tanzania,
killing 224.
Attacks on America
• 2000, al-Qaeda suicide terrorists
crashed boat full of explosives into
warship U.S.S. Cole, docked in Yemen
• September 11, 2001 al-Qaeda
terrorists hijacked four airliners,
demolished
-N.Y.C. World Trade Center w. two
jets,
-one hit the Pentagon in Arlington, VA.
-crashed in Pennsylvania (diverted
from Washington, D.C. by heroic
passengers.)
US war on
Terror
• 2001, President George W. Bush led coalition
of nations, launching attacks vs. Taliban w.
U.S. & N.A.T.O. air strikes.
• Afghan leaders, U.S. & its allies, created new
govt., supported internationally by billions of
dollars.
US Troops in Afghanistan
• Allied troops arrived as peacekeepers & to
hunt for terrorists,
• Many Afghans rejoiced at Taliban’s defeat and
enjoyed new freedoms for men, women &
children.
• Fundamentalist were upset with American
occupation
• New president Hamid Karzai faced ongoing
problems of poverty & Taliban insurgents.
Bin Laden is Killed
• In May of 2011 Navy Seals Killed Osama Bin
Laden in a large house in Pakistan
Iraq
• 1990, Iraq Kuwait. U.S. led international force
that destroyed Iraq’s forces & freed Kuwait.
– (Gulf War)
• 1991, U.N. inspectors found evidence
biological weapons & working on nuclear
bomb.
• U.N. Security Council resolutions told Iraq to
disarm weapons programs, but Hussein
violated resolutions.
Fear of WMD’s
• feared terrorists acquire weapons of mass destruction
(W.M.D.’s.) from Iraq
• Bush accused Iraq, Iran & N. Korea of being “axis of
evil.”
• 2002, Secretary of State Colin Powell urged Bush to get
U.N. support for war vs. Iraq. U.S. Congress voted to
authorize Bush’s request to use force vs. Iraq.
US attacks Iraq II
• U.N. ultimatum reveal
weapons programs, stop
supporting terrorists & stop
persecuting Hussein
opponents.
• -US inspectors accused Iraq of
hiding its weapons.
US needs Allies to Attack Iraq
• Bush asked U.N. for war, but France & Russia
refused.
– U.S., G B & some allies prepared for war.
• Antiwar protestors-Iraq not involved in 9-11
attacks & evidence of weapons was
inconclusive.
2003 Hussein Defeated
• No W.M.D.’s found. U.S. flawed info.
• Many Iraqis rejoiced at defeat of Hussein,
– unhappy that US & GB troops stayed to set up an
interim (temporary) govt.
• New Iraqi govt. had difficult challenges due to
differences between three major groups:
Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims & Kurds.
Hussein captured-executed
• insurgents increasingly attacked coalition
forces& Iraqi's who support gov
– (Sunni & radicals who want strict Islamic republic)
2004, U.S. officially transferred
sovereignty to Iraq
• Challenges lay ahead for Iraq: create a
national consensus among three competing
groups, insurgents, & rebuild infrastructure.
• 2012 All US combat forces left Iraq