Transcript Independence Movements

INDEPENDENCE AND
NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS
Aim: How did nationalist movements
affect developing nations in the 20th
century?
The Post War Era
• While the Superpowers engaged in the Cold
War, colonies of Imperialistic nations
wanted independence.
India
• 1885 – The goal of the Indian National
Congress was to increase rights for Indians
under colonial rule.
• 1906- The creation of the Muslim League to
protect Muslim (minority) rights
The Amritsar Massacre--1919
• 319 Indians (Hindu and Muslim) were killed during a
protest- ordered by General Dyer
• British didn’t allow freedom of press and assembly
• Millions joined the “self rule” campaign
Mohandas Gandhi
• Was a British educated lawyer who dressed as a
commoner, fasted and attracted large crowds.
• Used passive resistance and civil disobedience
• Demonstrations, work stoppages (i.e. refused to work in
salt factories), and boycotts
• “Walk to the Sea” collected salt which was prohibited by
British law.
• Martin Luther King used civil disobedience in the US civil
rights movement.
• Gandhi wanted Indian unity but could not overcome
religious differences between Hindus and Muslims (he was
assassinated by a Hindu)
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Main goal was to create a
separate Muslim state.
• When India was freed by
Britain in 1947 it was divided
into thirds.
India in the south
Pakistan in the northwest
East Pakistan, now Bangladesh,
in the east
• Partitioned because of violence
between Hindus and Muslims
• Millions migrated as Hindus
went to India and Muslims to
Pakistan, nearly half a million
people were killed from
violence
• Still tensions between India and
Pakistan (especially Kashmir)
AFRICAN NATIONALIST
MOVEMENTS
• African movements
began north of the
Sahara where nations
had long standing
Islamic ties.
Egyptian Independence
• 1922 Egypt independent
but still under British
influence
• 1952- Gamal Nasser,
general, led a revolution
and overthrew King
Farouk
• He nationalized industries
• Seized the Suez Canal
(1956)
Africa -- South of the Sahara
• Most nations had few trained professionals (doctors,
diplomats, businessmen, scientists).
• They had no trained people to run or rule a new
nation
• In most colonies there were multiple languages
since colonies were made along imperialist lines not
African traditions.
• Most colonies had differing histories, customs and
loyalties.
• Ghana was the first African nation to
achieve independence (1957) this was led
by Kwame Nkrumah. Became the country’s
Prime Minister.
• Kenya had a large European population that
hindered independence but it was achieved
by Jomo Kenyatta after an armed rebellion
in 1963. He became the country’s Prime
Minister and then President.
• After WW2 France wanted to retain
her colonies of Algeria and Vietnam.
• 1954- bloody revolt in Algeria
• Algeria gained independence in 1962
but bitterness caused many proFrench sympathizers to flee to France
(many Muslims in France today)
Rwanda
• This area faced ethnic
upheaval based on
genocide, human
rights violations and
tribal strife between
two tribes, the
Tutsi (15% of pop.)
Hutu (85% of pop.)
•
•
•
•
1962 brought independence and revolt
Hutu revolted against Tutsi leadership
10,000 plus people were murdered.
Fighting continued until 1972 when a military coup by
Juvenal Habyarimana (Hutu) created a one party republic
in 1981.
• When Habyarimana died in plane crash in 1994 civil war
broke out again.
• 3 months of fighting resulted in genocide which
left 800,000 Tutsi dead.
• The following year 2,000,000 Tutsi fled to nearby
Zaire
• This is largest incident of genocide in recent
history resulting in lost of 1/3 of entire national
population.
SOUTH AFRICA
In 1910 the Union of
South Africa was
established. British
and Dutch colonists
were given power,
land and rights while
blacks were entire
excluded from the
political arena
• 1923 saw the introduction and enforcement of complete residential
segregation.
• 1926 saw blacks legally banned from work in many skilled
occupations.
• 1948 saw the establishment of APARTHEID (separation of races).
• This removed 80% of the population from the political process.
• In the 1950’s the “homelands” were established.
15% of land (the nation’s worst) were allocated for blacks.
Nelson Mandela
• In the mid 1950s
Nelson Mandela
became the leader of
the African National
Congress, an
organization whose
goal was to abolish
Apartheid.
• Mandela followed Gandhi’s plan of passive resistance in
the beginning
• 1960 Sharpeville Massacre saw the murder of 67
protesters. (protest was against requirement to carry passes
to travel in cities)
• Mandela now supported guerrilla warfare
• Mandela was arrested in 1964 and sentenced to life in
prison.
• He was released in 1990
• After the government failed, Mandela was elected
president in the first free election in 1994.
THE MIDDLE EAST
• At end of WWI the region
was controlled by the
British and French
(Mandate System).
• France managed Syria and
Lebanon
• Britain oversaw Palestine,
Jordan, Iraq and Persia
(Iran)
• Arabia became the
kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Israel in the
th-21st
20
Centuries
• Balfour Declaration (1917)
• Independence from Britain (1948)
• When David Ben-Gurion announced the creation of Israel.
Arab nations immediately attacked; Israel won
• 1956- Suez Canal Crisis- When Egypt nationalized Suez
Canal they refused entry to Israeli shipping
• Israel seized Gaza Strip and the Sinai from Egypt
• 1967- Six Day War; Israel won the West Bank from Jordan
and Golan Heights from Syria
• 1973- Yom Kippur War, oil embargo (price of oil was
increased four-fold)
• 1977 Camp David Accords- peace between Egypt and
Israel; President Sadat of Egypt assassinated
• Since 1977 Israel and Palestinians have fought
over the land
• The PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)
wanted to reclaim land and establish a Palestinian
state.
• Intifada (uprisings) were used along with
terrorism against Israeli citizens (First Intifada
1987-1993; Second Intifada 1993- 2005)
• Feb 2005- Sharm El Sheikh Conference
Mahmoud Abbas and PM Ariel Sharon announce
an end to violence
• August 2005- Israel withdraws from Gaza Strip
• January 2006- Hamas elected in Gaza; article 19
of their charter calls for the destruction of Israel
Iranian Revolution
Reza Shah Pahlavi
• After WWII and the
departure of the allies the
Shah began a program of
Westernization.
• Land reform in the form
of ownership increased
• Education improved
• Women’s received the
rights of voting, higher
education,
professionalism, and
western dress.
• The reforms upset Islamic
fundamentalists who thought
that the Qu’ran should be the
law of the kingdom (theocracy).
• After President Carter visited to
congratulate the Shah on his
progress revolution ensued.
• The Shah was deposed in 1979
and Iran became a theocracy led
by the Ayatollah Khomeini.
• Iran Hostage Crisis (60
Americans were held for 444
days)
• Westernization ended---women
wore traditional clothing and
national law was based on the
Qu’ran
• Iran was invaded by Iraq
in1980
• Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein
was supported by the US
• The war between the two
nations lasted nearly 8 years
with neither side gaining
anything.
• The Ayatollah’s death in 1989
led to reformists
• Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
(2005-2013)- conservative,
against the U.S. and Israel,
denied the Holocaust
• Current president is Hassan
Rouhani
• Current Supreme Leader- Ali
Khamenei
An Economy Based on Oil
OPEC
ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES
• By 1960 the Middle Eastern states realized the
power their oil gave them on the global market
and they formed OPEC (Venezuela also joined).
• OPEC set the world price for oil and controlled
the amount available.
• In 1970s they cut supply and prices skyrocketed.
• Some OPEC nations have used oil revenue to
build national infrastructure while others have let
the money go into the hands of a small minority.
The Gulf War
• In 1990 Iraq, lead by Hussein, invaded Kuwait to
gain control of the oil fields.
• Success would have given Iraq control of nearly
20% of the world oil reserves.
• The United Nations sent forces to drive Iraq out of
Kuwait.
• The UN then placed restrictions of Iraq
• Hussein remained in power for 10 more years
while ignoring the clauses of the peace treaty.
• In 2003 a coalition (US and GB) invaded Iraq to
remove Hussein
• Prime Minister Nuri al-MALIKI (since 2006)
More Unrest in Arab States
• In the 1980s the USSR sent troops to
Afghanistan at the request of the Afgan
Marxist leader Nur Muhammad Taraki
• Most Afghanis opposed the plan
• Resistors called “holy warriors” attacked
Soviet forces.
• As Soviet problems at home grew the troops
withdrew.
Islamic Fundamentalism
• After 14 years of fighting and 2 million
deaths the victorious power was the Taliban
an Islamic fundamentalist group.
• The regime imposed strict Islamic law and
restrictions of women.
• It also provided protection for the terrorist
groups Al Qaeda led by Saudi Osama bin
Laden.
• Al Qaeda has intense dislike for the USA,
Israel and Saudi Arabia
ISIS/ISIL- Iraq’s terror group- killing
Christians (i.e.Iraq, Ethiopia)
• Islamic Fundamentalists resent the USA because:
• It supports Israel:
• It has troops in Saudi Arabia
• It supports globalization and women’s rights,
which they believe weakens Islamic values and
beliefs.
To support their cause Al Qaeda destroyed the World Trade Center in New
York on September 11, 2001. It also bombed American embassies in
Tanzania, Kenya, and Bali (Indonesia)
Latin America
MEXICO
• At the beginning of the
20th century Mexico was
ruled by Porfiro Diaz a
general.
• 95% Mexicans landless.
Foreign investors owned
20-25% of Mexico’s land
• Revolution of 1910 was
started by mestizos-who
did not like control of
Creole elite
• By 1911 the peasants had
joined led by men such as
Zapata and Pancho Villa
Mexico (continued)
• A democratic constitution was created in 1917
• Constitution promised land reform, workers’ rights,
and restricted power of Catholic Church
(land/education)
• Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) made Mexico
an authoritarian oligarchy but Mexicans accepted it
because the economy improved; retained power until
the end of century
• NAFTA (1994)- North American Free Trade
Agreement tried to remove trade barriers between the
U.S., Canada, and Mexico
Changes and Continuities in
Latin America
• Remains largely Roman Catholic
• Evangelical Protestant denominations
increased in the 20th-21st centuries
• Women largely retained traditional roles
throughout the 20th century, but by the end
were involved in business and politics
• Women did gain the right to vote starting
with Ecuador in 1929