Transcript Independence Movements

Independence Movements
In Asia and Africa
The World Mood in the Post War
Era
• While the Superpowers engaged in the Cold
War former colonies of Imperialistic nations
embarked on a program of National SelfDetermination.
• Former “subjects” began to consider the
goal of independence many with an eye to
democratic states.
India
• 1885 saw the establishment of the Indian
National Congress whose goal was to
increase rights for Indians under colonial
rule.
• 1906 witnessed the creation of the Muslim
League to protect Muslim adherents rights
The Amritsar Massacre--1919
• 319 Indians (Hindu and Muslim) were killed during a
peaceful demonstration in a park by British General Dyer.
• The massacre was unprovoked
• In the immediate aftermath millions joined the “self rule”
campaign.
Mohandas Gandi
• The movements spokesman was Gandhi who organized
huge protests.
• He proclaimed a program of Passive Resistance or civil
disobedience
• Program consisted of demonstrations and work stoppages
and boycotts
• This non-violence program was quite successful
• Dr. King in America copied this strategy of civil
disobedience in the US civil rights movement.
• Gandi began call for Indian unity which was
to supercede religious differences.
• Most famous gesture was the “Walk to the
Sea” where he collected salt which was
prohibited by British law.
• Was a British educated lawyer who dressed
as a commoner, fasted and attracted large
crowds.
• The Muslim League demanded creation of a
Muslim state to be called Pakistan
• After WWII Britain granted Indian
independence
• Immediately radical Hindus and Muslims
began massive killings of each other.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Main goal was to create a
separate Muslim state.
• When India was freed by
Britain in 1947 it was
divided into thirds.
India in the south
Pakistan in the northwest
East Pakistan, now
Bangladesh, in the east
• Millions now moved to the area of their
choice, or were forced to flee to avoid
religious persecution
• 500,000 people were killed
• Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu who
disagreed with his political aspirations.
• The two nations are still fighting.
• Note: Both nations are now nuclear powers
AFRICAN MOVEMENTS
• After the war France was determined to retain her
colonies of Algeria and Vietnam.
• French determination set off revolts in both areas.
• The 1954 revolt in Algeria was marked by bloody
reprisals on both sides.
• Algeria gained independence in 1962 but
bitterness caused many pro-French sympathizers
to flee to France---thus developing a Islamic
community in France with lingering problems
today.
• Pan African movements began in the late 50s and
were started by Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo
Kenyatta--but African movements primarily were
concerned with individual colonies.
• African movements
began north of the
Sahara where nations
had long standing
Islamic ties.
Egyptian Independence
• Gamal Nasser,
general, overthrew the
king and established a
republic.
• He nationalized
industries
• Seized the Suez Canal
• Served as model for
others in Africa
Africa -- South of the Sahara
• Most nations had few trained professionals (doctors,
diplomats, businessmen, scientists).
• They had no trained people to run or rule a new
nation
• In most colonies there were multiple languages
since colonies were made along imperialist lines not
African traditions.
• Most colonies had differing histories, customs and
loyalties.
Rwanda
• This area faced ethnic
upheaval based on
genocide, human
rights violations and
tribal strife between
two tribes, the
Tutsi (15% of pop.)
Hutu (85% of pop.)
•
•
•
•
1962 brought independence and revolt
Hutu revolted against Tutsi leadership
10,000 plus people were murdered.
Fighting continued until 1972 when a military coup by
Juvenal Habyarimana created a one party republic in 1981.
• When Habyarimana died in plane crash in 1994 civil war
broke out again.
• 3 months of fighting resulted in genocide which
left 800,000 Tutsi dead.
• The following year 2,000,000 Tutsi fled to nearby
Zaire
• This is largest incident of genocide in recent
history resulting in lost of 1/3 of entire national
population.
SOUTH AFRICA
In 1910 the Union of
South Africa was
established. British
and Dutch colonists
were given power,
land and rights while
blacks were entire
excluded from the
political arena
• 1923 saw the introduction and enforcement of complete residential
segregation.
• 1926 saw blacks legally banned from work in many skilled
occupations.
• 1948 saw the establishment of APARTHEID (separation of races).
• This removed 80% of the population from the political process.
• In the 1950’s the “homelands” were established.
15% of land (the nation’s worst) were allocated for blacks.
Nelson Mandela
• In the mid 1950s
Nelson Mandela
became the leader of
the African National
Congress, an
organization whose
goal was to abolish
Apartheid.
• Mandela followed Gandhi’s plan of passive resistance in
the beginning
• 1960 Sharpeville Massacre saw the murder of 67
protesters. (protest was against requirement to carry passes
to travel in cities)
• Mandela now supported guerrilla warfare
• Mandela was arrested in 1964 and sentenced to life in
prison.
• He was released in 1990
• After the government failed, Mandela was elected
president in the first free election in 1994.
THE MIDDLE EAST
• At end of WWI the are
was controlled by the
League of Nations.
• France managed Syria and
Lebanon
• Britain oversaw Palestine,
Jordan, Iraq and Persia
(Iran)
• Arabia became the
kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Israel
• Jewish refugees
convinced Arthur
Balfour that a Jewish
homeland was
necessary.
• In 1917 the Balfour
Declaration was issued
which proclaimed the
right for the creation
of Israel
• The Declaration required that Jews and
Palestinians were to divide land that both claimed
to be traditionally theirs.
• The 1930’s saw a surge of Jews to the region to
escape Hitler. By 1940 nearly a half million had
arrived.
• At this point the Palestinians had the numbers but
the Jews and money and world sympathy.
• After WWII, 1948, the United Nations created 2
Palestines--one for Jews and one for Muslims.
• Note: remember Germany, India???
• When David Ben-Gurion announced the creation
of Israel Muslims from six nations immediately
attacked.
• Israel shocked the world by defeating the Muslims
• Israel seized the Palestine and the Palestinians no
longer had a homeland.
• Jews from across the world flocked to the new
nation .
The Six Day War
• War broke out again the 1967.
• It was a total victory for Israel who then took:
The West Bank from Jordan
Golan Heights from Syria
Gaza Strip and the Sinai from Egypt
In 1977 MP Begin and President Sadat of Egypt
signed the Camp David Accords in which Israel
returned the Sinai and Egypt (a Muslim nation)
recognized Israel’s right to exist.
• Muslims Immediately assassinated Sadat
• Since 1977 Israel and Palestinians have fought
over the land
• The PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)
was created and dedicated to reclaiming the land
and establishing a Palestinian state.
• Regular Intifada’s (uprisings) have been used
along with terrorism against Israeli citizens to aid
in the destruction of the Jewish state
• New Hostilities began in 2000. Israel elected Ariel
Sharon as PM and he built a wall between
Palestine and Israel for protection.
• When PLO leader Yassir Arafat died in 2004 the
new president signed a armistice with Israel
ending the Intifada.
Iranian Revolution
Reza Shah Pahlavi
• After WWII and the
departure of the allies the
Shah began a program of
Westernization.
• Land reform in the form
of ownership increased
• Education improved
• Women’s received the
rights of voting, higher
education,
professionalism, and
western dress.
• The reforms upset Islamic
fundamentalists who
thought that the Qu’ran
should be the law of the
kingdom (theocracy).
• After President Carter
visited to congratulate the
Shah on his progress
revolution ensued.
• The Shah was deposed in
1979 and Iran became a
theocracy led by the
Ayatollah Khomeini.
• Westernization ended--women wore traditional
clothing and national law
was based on the Qu’ran
4 Views of Traditional Iran
• Iran was invaded by Iraq in1980
• Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein was supported
by the US
• The war between the two nations lasted
nearly 8 years with neither side gaining
anything.
• The Ayatollah’s death in 1989 created a
power struggle between fundamentalist and
a small minority of reform minded pro Westernizers.
An Economy Based on Oil
OPEC
ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES
• By 1960 the Middle Eastern states realized the
power their oil gave them on the global market
and they formed OPEC (Venezuela also joined).
• OPEC set the world price for oil and controlled
the amount available.
• In 1970 they cut supply and prices skyrocketed.
• Since the 1980s OPEC has largely failed to keep
its members in line and lost some of its power.
• Some OPEC nations have used oil revenue to
build national infrastructure while others have let
the money go into the hands of a small minority.
The Gulf War
• In 1990 Iraq, lead by Hussein, invaded Kuwait to
gain control of the oil fields.
• Success would have given Iraq control of nearly
20% of the world oil reserves.
• The United Nations sent forces to drive Iraq out of
Kuwait.
• The UN then placed restrictions of Iraq
• Hussein remained in power for 10 more years
while ignoring the clauses of the peace treaty.
• In 2003 a coalition (US and GB) invaded Iraq to
remove Hussein. A new government is still being
formed.
More Unrest in Arab States
• In the 1980s the USSR sent troops to
Afghanistan at the request of the Afgan
Marxist leader Nur Muhammad Taraki
• Most Afgans opposed the plan
• Resistors called “holy warriors” attacked
Soviet forces.
• As Soviet problems at home grew the troops
withdrew.
• After 14 years of fighting and 2 million
deaths the victorious power was the Taliban
an Islamic fundamentalist group.
• The regime imposed strict Islamic law and
restrictions of women.
• It also provided protection for the terrorist
groups Al Qaeda lead by Saudi Osama bin
Laden.
• Al Qaeda has intense dislike for the USA,
Israel and Saudi Arabia
• Al Qaeda resents the presence of infidels
(westerners) in Saudi Arabia since it is the home
of many Islamic holy sites
• Al Qaeda particularly resents the USA because:
The US supports Israel which AQ wanted
destroyed
The US has troops in Saudi Arabia
The US supports globalization which AQ believes
weakens Islamic values and beliefs.
To support their cause AQ destroyed the World Trade Center in New York
on September 11, 2001.
Nationalism in Latin America
MEXICO
• At the beginning of the
20th century Mexico was
ruled by Porfiro Diaz a
general.
• The Revolution of 1910
was started by the elites
that were not in favor with
Diaz.
• By 1911 the peasants had
joined lead by men such
as Zapata and Pancho
Villa
• A democratic
constitution was
created in 1917
• Every president was
assassinated during
his term until Lazaro
Cardenas took over in
1934
• The country was
stable until the 1990s
when some democracy
began to appear.
Brazil
• Nation was run by the elites (coffee and rubber exporters)
• Created a gap between rich and poor.
• Getulio Vargas took over in 1930 and created an
authoritarian regime
ARGENTINA
• Argentina was represented by landowners (cattle
and sheep)
• Military revolts were common until Juan Peron,
supported by the Nazis took over in 1943