Transcript NEW NATIONS EMERGE - Clayton Valley Charter High School

Unit VIII: Into the Modern
World
Do Now: 5/9/14 or 5/12/14
Hotel Rwanda reflection:
-How does Paul (the hotel manager) provide
examples of quick thinking, courage, and care
for fellow humans?
-Why do you think he is so selfless?
-How would you have reacted if you were in
Paul’s situation. Could you handle the
stress?
Unit VIII- #1:African Nations gain
Independence
1. Unrest after WWII
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After WWII, many African nations demanded
independence.
After gaining independence, a few African
nations had peace & democracy.
Most African nations faced civil wars, military
rule, or corrupt dictators.
European powers had divided Africa into
colonies, with no regard for ethnic groups.
This led to ethnic conflicts, when African
countries did gain independence.
2. Africans build New Nations
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Many early African leaders established oneparty political systems.
Many one-party states became dictatorships.
When bad governments led to unrest, the
military often seized power.
More than half of all African nations suffered
coups.
More and more Africans demanded an end to
strong-man rule and a movement toward
democracy.
Western governments and the World Bank
began to require democratic reforms as a
condition for loans.
3. Foreigners still jostle for control
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Colonial powers often retained control of
businesses in their former colonies.
Many new nations remained economically
dependent on their former colonizers.
During the Cold War the U.S. and the Soviet
Union often competed for advantages
through alliances with newly independent
nations.
The U.S. supported the dictator of Zaire to
counter Soviet support for Angola.
The U.S. had an alliance with Somalia while
the Soviets supported Ethiopia.
Do Now 5/13/14
Answer the following questions using the map
on pg. 569 in complete sentences:
1.
The countries that border Israel are_____?
2.
The three disputed territories within Israel
shown on the map are?
3.
How might Israel’s location make it a source
of conflict?
4.
What do you think a logical solution for a
Jewish homeland after the Holocaust and
WWII should have been? Use pg. 569 if you
need help. Remember many Jews had been
removed from their homelands and put in
camps.
#2 Stories of Five African Nations
I. Ghana
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Kwame Nkrumah led the Gold Coast (now
Ghana) to independence in 1957.
Gradually his government became dictatorial
and corrupt.
In 1966 his government was overthrown by
the first of several military coups in Ghana.
Ghana’s last coup in 1981 was led by Jerry
Rawlings. Rawlings restored democracy to
Ghana and brought political stability to
Ghana. He was elected and peacefully gave
up power when he lost election in 2001.
II. Kenya
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White settlers had passed laws to ensure
their control of the country.
Jomo Kenyatta was a leader of Kenya’s
largest ethnic group the Kikuyu he supported
nonviolent methods to end the oppression.
In the 1950s, rebels turned to guerrilla
warfare. The British crushed the rebels.
Kenya finally became independent in 1963.
Kenyatta became Kenya’s first president but
he jailed opponents and outlawed opposition.
In 2002 Kenya had their first fair election.
III. Algeria
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Achieved independence from France after a
long and costly war in 1962.
A coup in 1965 began a long period of military
rule.
When the Algerian government finally allowed
for free elections in 1992 an Islamist party won.
Islamist want the government based on the
teachings of Islam.
The military rejected the Islamist victory
leading to seven years of civil war.
Since 1999, the government has largely
stopped the fighting but things remain tense.
IV. Democratic Republic of the
Congo
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After Congo became independent from
Belgium, the province of Katanga rebelled.
Then United Nations ended the rebellion in
1963.
The formerly U.S. supported Mobutu Sese
Seko ruled as a harsh military dictator from
1965 to 1997.
Seven years of civil war ended with a ceasefire in 2003.
The country remained divided among
regional factions.
V. Nigeria
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Has the largest population in Africa.
Won independence in 1960.
Has hundreds of ethnic groups.
In 1966 suffered the first of several military
coups.
In that same year a coup by Muslim officers
led to a rebellion in the oil-rich southeast by
the Christian Ibo people who declared
independence as the Republic of Biafra.
Nigeria ended Biafra’s independence.
A series of military dictators ruled until Nigeria
returned to democracy in 1999.
Do Now 5/16/14
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1.
Going into Summer Break, finishing another
year of school, consider and answer:
What are some issues in the United States
or in the world that you are passionate
about? Why?
2.
What are your biggest worries about
becoming an adult? Explain.
3.
Do you think our world is going to be a better
place for the generation of your children?
Give examples why or why not.
Do Now 5/19/14
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3.
Refer to “Religious Diversity in Southeast Asia”
on pg. 558.
What are the majority religions of the following
countries: Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines,
Thailand?
What role might geography play in where
traditional religions remain in Malaysia?
According to the reading, which countries have
different religions that have existed together in
peace?
#3 The Arab Israeli Conflict
Israel
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The Holocaust created support for a
Jewish homeland after World War II.
Jews began to migrate to Palestine in
large numbers after WWII.
In 1947 the United Nations drew up a
plan to divide Palestine into an Arab
and a Jewish state.
The Jews accepted the plan but the
Arabs rejected it believing all Palestine
belonged to them.
Israel continued
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After Britain withdrew from Palestine, in
1948, the Jews proclaimed the
independent state of Israel.
Arab states launched the first of several
wars against Israel but were defeated.
Because of its skilled and educated
work force Israel developed rapidly.
Collective farms called kibbutz were
able to produce crops for export.
Arab Israeli conflict
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The conflicts of 1948 created an enormous
refugee problems.
As a result of the first Arab Israeli war
700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled their homes in
Israeli territory.
The U.N. set up camps in Neighboring areas
to house the refugees.
Large number of Jews were also driven from
their homes in Arab lands.
Both sides feel embittered by the
displacements.
Middle East Political Systems Limit Freedom
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Most Middle East nations have had
dictatorial governments.
In some countries, nationalist military
leaders seized power.
In countries like Saudi Arabia & Jordan
hereditary monarchs remained in
power.
Only Israel and Turkey had stable
multiparty democratic systems by 2005.
Supplying the World with Oil
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Parts of the Middle East sit on top of the
world’s largest oil and gas reserves.
Oil rich nations have prospered, but other
Middle East nations have struggled
economically.
The Middle East’s vital oil resources give it
strategic importance to the U.S. and other
countries.
The nations with large oil reserves are all
members of the Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
OPEC
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OPEC was founded in 1960.
In 1973 OPEC’s Arab members blocked
oil shipments to the U.S. to protest U.S.
support for Israel.
The 1973 oil embargo contributed to a
world wide recession.
Since the 1970s OPEC has focused on
regulating the price of oil rather than on
taking political stands.
Notes #5: Fundamentalism and Modernization
Islam Confronts Modernization
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Some Middle Eastern nations have adopted
Western forms of secular, or nonreligious
government and law.
Many Middle Eastern leaders also adopted
Western culture’s economic traditions.
Life actually improved very little for many
people. There remains a very inequitable
distribution of wealth in the Middle East.
By the 1970s some Muslim leaders were
calling for a return to Sharia, or Islamic law.
These Islamists blamed social and economic
ills on following Western secularism.
Some Islamists advocate violence to reach
goals. Many Muslims oppose this extremism.
Women in Islam
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Conditions for women vary greatly from
country to country in the Middle East.
In some countries women have won equality
before the law.
In Turkey, Syria, and Egypt women have
given up the tradition of hejab, wearing
clothes that conceal most of the body.
Other Middle East countries still require the
hejab, and also restrict women’s freedoms in
other ways.
The traditional Muslim belief is that women do
not need an education for their role as wives
and mothers.
Egypt
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Is strategically important because it shares a
border with Israel and controls the Suez
Canal.
Most populated Arab nation.
Gamal Abdel Nasser seized power in Egypt in
1952, he worked to modernize Egypt and end
Western domination.
Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal ending
British and French control. Britain and France
responded militarily but the U.S. and the
Soviet Union forced them to withdraw.
Nasser led two unsuccessful wars against
Israel.
Egypt continued
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In 1979, Nasser’s successor, Anwar Sadat,
became the first Arab leader to make peace
with Israel in the Camp David Accords.
Islamists denounced Sadat’s government for
its failure to end corruption and poverty.
In 1981 Muslim fundamentalists assassinated
Sadat.
Under Hosni Mubarak, extremists turned to
terrorist attacks, and when the government
responded with harsh crackdowns it tended
to increase support for Islamists.
Iran
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In 1945 Iran’s monarch Shah Mohammad
Reza Pahlavi, had Western support but faced
nationalist opposition at home.
When the Shah’s opponent Mohammad
Mosaddeq was elected Prime Minister in
1951 he nationalized the Western owned oil
industry.
In 1953 the U.S. helped the Shah oust
Mosaddeq, outraging many Iranians.
The Shah returned Iran’s oil industry to
Western control and for the next 25 years the
U.S. helped the Shah stay in power.
Iran’s Islamic Revolution
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The Shah redistributed wealth from
landlords and religious institutions to
peasants. He also increased the rights
of women.
The Shah was opposed by landowners,
merchants, students, and the Islamic
clergy.
The Shah’s secret police terrorized his
critics driving many into exile.
Iran’s Islamic Revolution cont.
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The exiled Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
condemned Western influence and accused
the Shah of violating Islamic law.
Massive protests in 1979, drove the Shah into
exile. Khomeini returned to Iran and his
supporters proclaimed an Islamic Republic.
This theocracy replaced secular courts with
religious ones and abolished women’s rights.
The Islamic Republic brutalized opponents
just as the Shah had.
Islamists seized the American embassy and
held 52 Americans hostage for more than a
year.
Saudi Arabia
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Has both the world’s largest oil reserves and
Islam’s holiest sites.
Kings from the Sa’ud family have ruled since the
1920s, and their close ties to the West have been
criticized by Islamic Fundamentalist.
The Kings justify their rule by their commitment to
the strict Wahhabi sect of Sunni Islam.
To build support the Sa’ud family backed
fundamentalist religious leaders.
Some of the fundamentalist criticized the
Kingdom’s ties to the West.
Critics of the Kingdom’s Western ties have
increasingly used terrorist attacks which threaten
the oil industry.