 One of the most important motives for the European “Scramble for Africa” in the late 1800s was that Africa provided a source of  a. raw materials used in industry  b. religious inspiration  c. free labor for the Americas  d. technologically innovative practices

What problems may arise once Africans have gained independence from European colonial powers?

  Fight for Independence after WWII  United Nations charter declares that all colonial people should have the right to self-determination Pan-Africanism  Emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent all over the world ▪ Regardless of national boundaries  Nations should work together to solve their problems

   British colony Struggle led by Kwame Nkrumah  Used strikes and boycotts Independence gained in 1957   Gold Coast renamed Ghana Organization of African Unity (OAU), 1963  Created by Nkrumah to promote Pan-Africanism

   British colony Struggle led by Jomo Kenyatta  Was jailed when violence broke out Independence gained in 1963

  Ruled by European white minority after winning independence from Britain in 1910  1912, African National Congress (ANC) forms ▪ Used violence, boycotts and nonviolent civil disobedience to oppose injustice Apartheid – 1948, official separation of races  Black Africans and other non-whites had to live in certain zones, public facilities and transportation were segregated, interracial marriages were forbade

 Anti-Apartheid Movement ▪ 1960, police killed 69 and wounded 180 at a peaceful demonstration in Sharpeville ▪ Government outlaws ANC

 Nelson Mandela ▪ 1964, an important ANC leader, was sentenced to life in prison ▪ Became symbol of the struggle for freedom ▪ Wrote “The Long Walk to Freedom”

 Desmond Tutu ▪ Black bishop and civil rights leader ▪ Convinced foreign nations and businesses to limit trade and investment in segregated South Africa ▪ Strong effect

 F. W. de Klerk  President of South Africa in 1989  Legalizes ANC, repealed segregation laws, released Mandela in 1990  All can participate in 1994 elections; Mandela elected president

 S.A. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)  Resolve conflict leftover from apartheid and wrongdoings by the government

 Post-Apartheid  Mandela, de Klerk, and Tutu all won Nobel Peace Prizes for their efforts to end apartheid  Trade and investment has resumed  Struggles still exist

What is the main idea of the cartoon?

 Economic Challenges  Focused on building industry and agriculture  Many remain dependent on imports and foreign financial aid  Many rely on export of a single cash crop or natural resource ▪ Nigeria - oil  Few food crops and drought --> widespread hunger

 Health Challenges  Poverty ▪ Slums, lack of running water and electricity  HIV/AIDS ▪ Epidemic

  Political Challenges  Single party rule or military rule in most nations   Ethnic and regional conflicts African Union  Violent overthrows 2002, 53 African countries  Goals: ▪ solving economic, social, political and environmental problems in Africa

  Rwanda  Hutu vs. Tutsi  Hutu ran new gov’t; resentment grows  Genocide, 1994 ▪ Hutu kill approximately 500,000 Tutsis Darfur, Sudan  2003, Arab gov’t officials attacked African tribal groups  Villages burned, tens of thousands killed, millions of refugees (HR VIOLATIONS AGAIN!!!!!!!)