Transcript African Nationalism - Churchville Central School District

African Nationalism
Pan-African Movements
Pan-Africanism
 Started in the 1920’s
 Wanted unity for all
Africans
 Wanted unity of all people
in the world of African
descent
Pan-Africanism
 By the beginning of World War One only
Liberia and Ethiopia were not under imperialistic control.
 Few African countries obtained independence until after World War
Two.
 Many Africans fought in WWII.
 Africans resented being treated like 2nd class citizens.
 Africans moved to cities and began to become exposed to
nationalistic movements.
 Africans wanted their own self-determination.
Ghana
 Known as the Gold Coast
 Was a British Colony
Kwame Nkrumah
 Leader was Kwame Nkrumah
who was educated in America
and inspired by Gandhi.
 Nkrumah used non violent
protest such as boycotts and
strikes to drive the British out.
 In 1957 Britain gave Ghana it’s
independence.
Kwame Nkrumah
 Nkrumah becomes prime
Minister and renames the
Gold Coast to Ghana.
 The name linked the new
nation to it’s African past.
 In 1963 Nkrumah creates the
Organization of African Unity
(OAU)
 This organization promotes
African unity and selfdetermination across Africa.
Kenya
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Leader for independence was Jomo
Kenyatta.
Came from the Kibuyu nation which
had been driven off their land.
Mau Mau Rebellion was a secret
society of Kikuyu farmers that used
violence to scare the British off their
lands
Kenyatta was jailed by the British for
not denouncing the Mau Mau
Rebellion.
In 1963 Kenya gained it’s
independence and Kenyatta was
freed and became Prime Minister.
Algeria
 A French colony that had a
million European settlers.
 In the 1950’s a strong Muslim
national movement began.
 Fighting between the French and
Algerian nationalist lasted from
1954 to 1962. (This was France’s
Vietnam)
 Public opinion in France was that
Algeria should be free and in 1962
Algeria became a free nation.
Problems with Independence
 During imperialism European nations set up
export type economies.
– Economies depended on the export of raw materials.
Cash Crops
Raw materials
Problems with Independence
 Many African nations still relied on these export
goods.
– Problem
 When no demand/prices fall/countries become poor.
Problems with Independence
 African nations relied on buying manufactured
goods and had no industrial base.
Problems with Independence
 African nations have to import manufactured
goods and incurred a large debt.
Tribalism and Nationalism
 African boundaries had been set by imperialistic
nations not African nations
– Berlin Conference 1885.
Tribalism and Nationalism
 Many tribes and nations were split by these
European boundaries.
 Because of these splits there is more loyalty to
one’s tribe then the country they live in.
Nigeria
 In Nigeria this tribalism
lead to a civil war.
 More than 200 ethnic
groups live within Nigeria.
 During independence
many of these tribes
fought for control of the
country.
Nigeria
 The two main groups fighting for control were the
– Muslim Hausa and Fulani people of the north
 Vs.
– Christian Ibo and Yoruba of the south
– In 1966 20,000 Ibo were massacred by the Hausa controlled
government.
– In a several year period about 1 million people had been killed
or starved to death.
– Military leaders took control in the 70’s and 80’s
– In 1999 Nigeria elected a civilian government.
Obstacles to Progress in Africa
 Population and Poverty
– Population explosion
– Widespread hunger
Obstacles to Progress in Africa
 Political Problems
– Power hungry and greedy
leaders
– Military takeovers
– Harsh dictators
– Ethnic and regional
conflict.
Obstacles to Progress in Africa
 Economic Dependence
– Need for foreign aid
– Need for imported goods
– High debt
Obstacles to Progress in Africa
 Land and Climate
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Too much or too little rain
Poor soil
Tropical diseases
Desert climate
Obstacles to Progress in Africa
 Economic Policies
– Failed socialist economy
– Cash crops instead of food
crops
– Lack of funding for rural
areas.
Africa’s Future
 Africa shows great potential
– Many African nations have moved from a socialist
economy to a mixed economy
– Mining for resources such a gold and diamonds
– Countries have built factories to process both
manufactured and agricultural goods.
– Improvements in transportation and communications.
South Africa
End to Apartheid
Apartheid
 Apartheid was a policy
created by the white South
African government in
1948, stated that the races
(black and white) had to
be separated.
Apartheid
 The laws
– Black Africans and other
non-whites had to live in
certain zones of the
country.
– There were separate trains,
beaches, schools, restrooms
and other areas for whites
and non-whites.
– Interracial marriages were
banned.
Apartheid
 Apartheid was similar to
Jim Crow Laws of
segregation in the United
States.
Apartheid
 Reasons for Apartheid
– The government wanted to
maintain control of both
the government and
economy.
– Non-whites were not
allowed to run for office or
vote.
South Africa
 For 350 years South Africa
had been ruled by either the
Dutch or the British.
 In 1910 Britain gave South
Africa it’s independence.
 At that time the whites held all
the political and economic
power in South Africa.
South Africa
 In 1912 the African
National Congress (ANC)
a black political party was
formed.
 The ANC was outlawed
by the all white
government.
 The ANC stood out
against apartheid.
South Africa
 The ANC used boycotts
and nonviolent protest
against the policies of
South Africa.
 The ANC tried to use
legal means to bring about
change, without success.
Nelson Mandela
 Mandela became one of the leaders
of the ANC.
 In 1960 during a peaceful protest
and the protestors were fired on and
60 were killed. This was known as
the Sharpeville Massacres.
 Mandela then formed the “Spear of
the Nation” movement. A violent
movement against the South African
government
 The movement an underground
military group that campaigned
against apartheid.
Nelson Mandela
 In 1964 Mandela was
sentenced to life in prison
when the ANC was banned
and it’s leaders imprisoned.
 Mandela became a symbol of
freedom.
 In 1990 Mandela was finally
released from prison
 In 1994 Mandela was elected
President of South Africa.
South Africa
 Another leader who played a role in
ending apartheid in South Africa
were Archbishop Desmond Tutu.
 Tutu along with other leaders were
able to convince foreign nations to
limit trade with South Africa.
 The United Nations placed an arms
embargo on South Africa.
 The Olympic Committee banned
athletes from participation
 International businesses left South
Africa
 Musicians refused to play in Sun City
and did benefit concerts for the
blacks in South Africa.
Changes
 The nonviolent protest began to have an effect on the
economy of South Africa.
 In 1989 F.W. de Klerk was elected President of South
Africa and determined that reform was long past due.
 de Klerk
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legalized the ANC
Released Mandela
Created a new constitution ending segregation laws
Opened up free elections in 1994
South Africa
 In 1993 both Mandela and
de Klerk won the Nobel
Peace Prize.
 In 1994 Mandela was
elected President while de
Klerk was elected Deputy.
South Africa
 Today there are still tensions in South Africa not
only between blacks and whites but other ethnic
groups.
South Africa
 In your small groups you must read the civil protest assignment and
answer the questions that go along with the scenarios-First answer
the question on your own and then discuss with the group
– You need to be honest and realistic with your answers. It is safe to say that
you would do or not do something in the safety of a classroom but you must
take yourself out of the context of the classroom and into the world around
you
 On a piece of poster paper write out the answer that your group
has come up with for each question
 Finally you will pick one person to be a group spokesperson as to
what your group would do with each question/scenario
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
 The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was
a court-like body assembled in South Africa after the end
of apartheid.
 Anybody who felt they had been a victim of violence
could come forward and be heard
 Those who committed violence could also give testimony
and request amnesty (freedom) from prosecution.
 The TRC was a crucial component of the transition to
full and free democracy in South Africa was generally
regarded as very successful.