South Africa

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Tribes in South Africa

• Zulu • Xhosa • Sotho

AREIAL VIEW TABLE MOUNTAIN & BAY • http://www.tropicalisland.de/travel_south_africa_cape_town .html

Early History

A Time Line • 1806 – British seize Cape of Good Hope • 1835 – Great Trek • 1856 – Orange Free State (Afrikaner republic) • 1854 – Transvaal (Afrikaner republic) • 1867 – Discovery of Gold • 1886 – Discovery of Diamonds • 1889 – 1902 – The Boer War (British and Dutch settlers)

The Boers

• The Boers were white farmers who were descendants of the Dutch.

• They migrated from the Cape because of British colonialism and constant border wars between the British and the natives.

The Great Trek

KIMBERLEY

• http://www.palagems.c

om/kunz_reminiscences 2.htm

A scene in the Kimberly region of South Africa, illustrating the handling of diamonds, called diamond digging, which is somewhat along the lines of placer gold mining.

The Boer Wars

• Fought between the UK and the two Boer republics • 1 st war • • short lasting about one year was the struggle between Boer people trying to regain their independence.

• 2 nd war • longer • ended with the conversion of the Boer republics and British colonies.

THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

• 1910 South Africa creates a white minority government — • FEDERATION OF: •

1. TRANSVAAL

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2. ORANGE FREE STATE

•

3. CAPE (COLONY)

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4. NATAL

• INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE BLACK MAJORITY

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA & APARTHEID •

1911 & 1926 MINES & WORKS ACT

•

Color Ban

on certain jobs; Salaries for whites higher •

1913 & 1936 NATIVES LAND ACTS

•

Land Raid

—Allocated 13% of total land to the black majority and 87% to the white minority •

1923 NATIVES ACT (URBAN AREAS)

•

Segregation

in residential areas of cities— Blacks had to carry special papers to stay in cities •

1937 NATIVES LAWS AMENDMENT ACT

•

Pass laws required

Blacks to carry identification and authorization to enter white areas.

PASSBOOK

http://www.un.org/av/photo/subje cts/apartheid.htm

3 rd image

A Black South African shows his passbook issued by the Government. Blacks were required to carry passes that determined where they could live and work.

AFRIKANER NATIONALISM 1900-1948 • 1918 – Secret Broederbond • Poor education for black Africans • 1936 – Representation of Voters Act • Blacks can only vote for white people • •

LANGUAGE

- A

FRIKAANS IN THE WESTERN CAPE

Unique language origins—Dutch modified by indigenous & outside languages • SOUTH AFRICA FLAG (1928-1994)

• The Boers and the British ruled together under the Union of South Africa.

• In 1948, the National Party was voted into power and instituted a policy of apartheid.

• The apartheid was a policy of segregation.

http://www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com/images/signboard-from-the apartheid-era-apartheid.jpg

APARTHEID LEGISLATION MANDATED:

•

1950 POPULATION REGISTRATION ACT

•

Registration by Color

Forced to register as : White, Bantu (Black), Asian (Indian & Pakistani) or Colored (people of mixed race) •

1950 GROUP AREAS ACT

•

Geographic Separation

in business and residence •

1953 RESERVATION OF SEPARATE AMENITIES ACT

•

Segregation

of Buses, Parks, and other Public Places •

1953 Bantu Education Act

•

Separate but Not Equal

: Enforced Racial Discrimination of schools

A segregated beach in South Africa, 1982.

Segregated public facilities in Johannesburg, 1985.

Young, black South Africans looking in on a game of soccer at an all-white school in Johannesburg. Government spending, about 10 times more for white children than for black, clearly showed the inequality designed to give whites more economic and political power. Poorly trained teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and inadequate recreational facilities were normal for black children, if in fact they had any schooling available at all.

More Restrictions!!!

•

The Bantu Authorities Act of 1951

and

the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959

furthered these divisions between the races by creating ten African "homelands“ to be self-governed by the various “tribes.” •

The Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970

made every black South African a citizen of one of the homelands which eliminated black Africans from South African politics.

BANTUSTANS

AFRICAN RESISTANCE TO MINORITY WHITE RULE •

One Man’s Freedom Fighter is Another Man’s Terrorist

• 1912 SOUTH AFRICAN NATIVE NATIONAL CONGRESS BECOMES THE AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS—THE ANC • STRIKES, BOYCOTTS AND SYMBOLIC ACTS OF DEFIANCE • 1950s DEFIANCE CAMPAIGN MASS RESISTANCE— PUBLIC DISOBEDIENCE • 1955 FREEDOM CHARTER

FREEDOM CHARTER 1955

•

We, the People of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know:

•

that South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of all the people; www

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sahistory

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org

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za

/

AFRICAN RESISTANCE TO MINORITY WHITE RULE • 1959 PAN AFRICANIST CONGRESS • PAC split from the ANC because it objected to the ANC‘s non-racial policies & took a bolder approach based more on mass action.

MASSACRE AT SHARPEVILLE 1960

STATE TERRORISM

•

TERROR IS OFTEN AT ITS BLOODIEST WHEN USED BY DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENTS AGAINST THEIR OWN CITIZENS.

REACTIONS TO THE TERRORIST STATE

• 1961 SOUTH AFRICA IS EXPELLED FROM THE COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS • MANDELA – “SPEAR OF THE NATION”— 200 ACTS OF SABOTAGE AGAINST PASS OFFICES, GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS, AND POWER SUPPLIES

• 1962 MANDELA ILLEGALLY LEAVES • 1. SUPPORT FOR THE ANC • 2. TO MILITARY TRAINING.

• 1962 MANDELA IMPRISONED FOR 3 YEARS • 1963 RIVONIA TREASON TRIAL

ROBBEN ISLAND

ROBBEN ISLAND

• 12 km FROM CAPE TOWN • A PRISON FOR 400 YEARS TO ISOLATE OPPONENTS OF APARTHEID

NELSON MANDELA IN PRISON

SOUTH AFRICA THE APARTHEID STATE • 1970s INCREASED GOVERNMENT REPRESSION • COLOR BAN ON FREEDOM OF TRAVEL AND WORK— BLACK AFRICANS BECOME MORE IMPOVERISHED

Grave of the young Black leader, Steve Biko, in King Williams Town, South Africa. Biko died while in prison in 1977. During the investigation into his death, strong evidence was presented that Biko suffered violent and inhumane treatment during his imprisonment.

SOWETO TOWNSHIP

• • 20 km FROM JOHANNESBURG

LARGEST BLACK URBAN COMMUNITY COMPRISING THE BLACK COMMUNITIES OF THE SOUTHWESTERN TOWNSHIPS

SOWETO TOWNWHIP

SOWETO STUDENT MASSACRE 1976

• STUDENT RIOT AGAINST GOVERNMENT MANDATE TO TEACH AFRIKAANS LANGUAGE • 1,000 DEAD