African Independence Movements

Ms. Doyle

Independence Bell Ringer

• Journal Entry #3 – You have been under the rule of the seniors for 1 year and then the annual competition between the seniors and juniors begins. You are useful to the seniors in the war and help them win the competition. When the competition is over you ask for some repayment of your services – in the form of freedom. Some of the seniors give you some freedom and some refuse to hear your requests. –

One freshmen versus the whole senior class will not work. What are your options, tools to resist and what are your reactions?

African Independence

• • • WWII breaks (1939-1945) out and European powers ask African colonies to supply men for the war After the War Africans do not want to suffer under European rule any longer After WWII Africans - Scramble for Independence – Africa was very weak and needed strength in order to push the Europeans back to Europe

Effects of European Rule

• Colonial rule left Africa in a state of infancy – Were not trained in how to run a government, just told what to do – Were accustom to the European lifestyle, and dependent upon it – Borders that were drawn by Europeans grouped ethnic rivals together and separated ethnic groups that were similar – disunity

“Africa for Africans”

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Unity before Independence Negritude Movement and Pan-Africanism develop

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Negritude Movement: celebrate African culture, heritage, and values through the arts

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Pan-Africanism: unity of all Africans

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Nationalism

Independence? Without European guidance could Africa survive in the world and could it progress with the world?

How was Independence Gained: A look at 4 countries’ struggles • Ghana (British) (Gold Coast – former name) – Kwame Nkrumah – Nonviolent Independence movements – 1957 independence gained – Strong Start • Gold, cocoa, diamonds – 1966 Nkrumah ousted – Since 1981 military rule/dictator

How was Independence Gained: A look at 4 country’s struggles • Kenya (British) – Jomo Kenyatta united the many different ethnic groups – Mau Mau – 1963 Independence – Kenyatta President – University students – 1990s – Moi’s

How was Independence Gained: A look at 4 country’s struggles • Congo – 1960 by Belgium – Weak and unprepared – Mobutu Sese Seko – Wastes and steals money and resources – Laurent Kabilia

How was Independence Gained: A look at 4 country’s struggles • Algeria (French) – Violent means to bring about freedom – 1962 France gave independence – Government tried to modernize and industrialize – Islamic – Civil War

How was Independence Gained: A look at 4 country’s struggles • Angola (Portugal) – 1975 – Couldn’t afford – Not prepared – Rebel groups – Soviet Union and Cuba – USA – NO strong government

Independence Quiz

1 – Explain the two means that African used to seek independence 2 – What country was the first to receive independence from Europe 3 – Explain how Europe turned Africans against Africans in the fight for Independence 4 – What decade saw the most independent African countries 5 – Who was Jomo Kenyatta and what did he do

Origins of Apartheid

• • 1910 South Africa free – But ruled by a white minority until 1994 1948 Nationalist party takes power in Africa – Dutch Settlers – Strong belief in white superiority – Set up a system of rigid race separation (apartheid)

Logistics of Apartheid

• • • Categories: – White – Black – “Coloured” (mixed race) – Asian Nonwhites could not vote, restricted to certain areas to live and work - infertile “Separation of races/ethnic groups allowed each group to develop its own culture”

Logistics of Apartheid

• • Pass system – All blacks living in town had to carry to control their movement “Black” schools, buses, restaurants, etc.

Struggle Against

• • • Leaders of Nonviolence approach: Albert Luthuli, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Nelson Mendela, African National Congress – Protests, demonstrations, rallies Government used violent means – Sharpeville Massacre World Responds: UN, USA, Olympics – Embargos, banned, sanctions

The End

• • Pass books, and restrictions slowly lifted – 1989 President F.W. de Klerk – 1990 New Constitution – 1994 new elections Mandela President, 1994

Effects of Apartheid

• • • • • • People from rural areas are looking for work; high birthrate People cannot afford to eat a balanced diet Smog from cars; smoke from coal and wood fires Floods; rainforest deforestation Unemployment; chronic illness Poor sanitation; lack of affordable healthcare

Africa Today Summit

• • • • Recovery Urbanization and Modernization Continent Unity International Ties

Africa’s Challanges

• • • • • • AIDS Epidemic Famine Status of Women Debt Civil War Genocide