Transcript The industrial revolution

The industrial
revolution
1750-present
Agricultural revolution

Prior to industrialization nations
must first experience an
agricultural revolution.
– They must establish a surplus of food
to feed the industrial workforce
– At the start of the 18th century
great britain starts to undergo this
transformation
Iron plow
New tools
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Seed drill – jethro tull - 1701
New methods
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Crop rotation
– Farmers discover that rotating crops
allows the soil to replenish itself
thus enabling them to abandon the
three field system- this method alone
leads to over a 30% increase in
production.
- Animal fertilizer
- Winter crops
Crop rotation
Enclosure movement
At the start of the 17th century
wealthy farmers with support of the
government start to fence off and
plant land that was formerly used by
the peasants for gathering foods and
collecting firewood.
 These farmers were educated in the
most modern methods and techniques and
had the resources to purchase the most
modern equipment
 This land as a result became far more
productive
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Agricultural
revolution=
more food= better diet=
better health=longer
life= lower infant
mortality rate + improved
hygeine, sanitation, and
medical care = population
explosion
Britains
population
5 mill.1700
9mill.1800
Europe population
120 mill. 1700
190 mill.1800
Population explosion plus
agricultural technology
creates a surplus population.
This surplus population will
become the new factory labor
class- proletariat
 Britain
leads the way. Why?
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1. vast supplies of coal and iron
2. island location
3. excellent inland waterways and
ports- enhanced by the building of
canals
4. global empire for resources and
markets
5. Wealthy population with capital to
invest
6. surplus population
7. skilled craftsman and engineers
develop new technologies
8. britain had a stable government
which supported industry/capitalism
9. britain has strong navy to protect
trade4.
Technology in the
industrial age
Wind and water power
replace human and animal
power
Watt’s steam engine
 Invented
1769
 Arguably the
single most
important
invention of
the industrial
age.
coal
Fuel of the
industrial age
 One Of Britain’s
advantages is
that they have
vast supplies

iron
Building block
of industrial
age
 1856 bessemer
process leads
to production of
steel.
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Revolution in transportation
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Steam locomotive
George stephenson
Liverpool to
manchester line
opened 1830
By 1870 a maze of
rail lines
crisscrossed britain,
europe, and north
america
steamboat
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Robert
fulton 1807
Sea travel
was not
possible
initially but
by end of the
19th c. steel
hull steam
ships were
the norm
Cottage
industries/domestic
ststem
 Up
to this point most goods
were produced in the home or
workshop of skilled craftsmen.
 In the textile industry wool
and later cotton will be spun
by women and children, and
wove into cloth by men
Factory system
As the industrial age progressed most
goods would be produced in new
factories which were capable of
housing new machines and hundreds of
workers
 Initially these factories were built
near fast moving streams , however
with the developemnt of the steam
engine this was no longer necessary
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Mass production
Interchangeable
Division
parts
of labor
Assembly line
Developments lead to
goods becoming much
cheaper
Business organizations
 Sole
proprietorship – single
owner/ full liability
 Partnership – pool
resources and share risk
 Corporation- limited
liability / vast resources
and capital
Textile industry technology
JOhn
kay’s
flying
shuttle
Spinning jenny
 James
hargraves
1764
 Capable of
spinning
numerous
threads at
once
waterframe
Richard
arkwright 176?
 Sped up the the
speed of spinning
even further
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POWER LOOM
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Edmund cartwright
1787
Enabled weavers to
keep pace with the
amount of yarn
produced with the
technology of the
day
Women will become
the primary labor
force operating this
machine
Cotton Gin
Eli whittney
 1793
 Cotton gin
 Completes the
mechanization
of the textile
industry
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urbanization
 As
the factory system
developed cities sprang up
over night.
 Numerous problems emerged
as these urban centers
rapidly became
overcrowded
Poor sanitation
over crowding
tenements
pollution
disease
crime
fire
tenement
The working class suffers
Rigid conditions - long hours/ low
pay
 No insurance or health care
 Brutal dangerous conditions
 Blacklists
 Child labor / corporal punishment
 Working mothers
 Loss of familial ties
 Will become majority population as
industrialization continues
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Coal mine workers
Factory workers
bourgeoisie
Middle class expands substantially
 Ubanization provides multiple
opportunities for entrepreneurs who
are ambitious and talented to prosper
 Middle class values promote different
roles for males and females
 Middle class females will become a
significant force for reform
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