Transcript Industrial Revolution

By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Before the Industrial Revolution, entire families
worked at home to manufacture things such as
cloth.
Causes of the
Industrial Revolution
Agricultural Revolution
• new innovations in the
production of food: crop
rotation
• fed city-dwellers
• the “enclosure movement”
forced poor farmers off their
land
Population Growth
• England’s population swelled
• more people = specialization of
labor (you can do other things
besides farming!)
• more reliable food supplies and
resistance to disease
• higher percentage of children led to
child labor
Why was Great Britain in the 1700s
ideally suited to be the birthplace of
the Industrial Revolution?
1. Natural resources coal; iron ore; rivers
2. Raw materials  Colonies
3. Powerful navy and merchant fleet
facilitated trade (Good Harbors)
4. Enclosure movement led to large labor
supply
5. Investment in new inventions
6. Stable government
7. Banking system
WHY BRITAIN?
Factors of production
•Land
•Labor
•Capital (wealth)
That Nation of Shopkeepers!
-- Napoleon Bonaparte
The Enclosure
Movement
“Enclosed” Fields
“Enclosed” Lands Today
British Raw Materials
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest
Transportation
Infrastructure
Coalfields & Industrial Areas
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
1800
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
Young Coal Miners
Child Labor in the Mines
Child
“hurriers”
In 1769, Richard Arkwright’s water
powered spinning frame resulted in the
first factory for producing cloth.
Richard Arkwright:
“Pioneer of the Factory System”
The “Water Frame”
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Textiles: wool, linen, cotton turned into
clothing
Major Inventions:
•John Kay: flying shuttle
•James Hargreaves: spinning jenny
•Richard Arkwright: water frame
•Samuel Crompton: spinning mule
•Ed Cartwright: power loom
Machines set up in factories: large
buildings
Factory Production
Ø Concentrates production in one
place [materials, labor].
Ø Located near sources of power
[rather than labor or markets].
Ø Requires a lot of capital investment
[factory, machines, etc.] more
than skilled labor.
Ø Only 10% of English industry in
1850.
The Factory System
× Rigid schedule.
× 12-14 hour day.
× Dangerous conditions.
× Mind-numbing monotony.
More Innovations
•Canals and steam engines on
boats
•New roads
•Railroads– the most important
transportation innovation of the
Industrial Age
Steam Engine
1765 James Watt
Used to propel
boats and
locomotives
Textile Factory
Workers in England
Textile Factory
Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers
Jacquard’s Loom
Spinning mule-1835
John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”
The Power Loom
James Watt’s Steam Engine
Steam Tractor
Steam Ship
An Early Steam Locomotive
Later Locomotives
The Impact of the Railroad
“The Great Land Serpent”
British Cotton Trade About 1850
In the 1600s, cotton cloth imported from India had become popular. British
merchants tried to organize a cotton cloth industry at home. To do so, they
developed the putting out system.
18c British Port
British Coin Portraying a Factory,
1812
The Growth of England’s
Foreign Trade in the 18c
18c English “Nouveau Riche”:
The Capitalist Entrepreneur