Transcript Origins of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution
Mr. Millhouse
AP World History
Hebron High School
Discussion Question
What factors caused the
Industrial Revolution to begin
in England?
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Favorable natural resources
 Agricultural Revolution
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Growth of large manufacturing sector
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Population Pressure
Cottage industry (putting-out system)
Huge advantages in world trade
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Provide necessary capital?
Technological developments
 Government support of business
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Favorable Natural Resources
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Coal
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Production
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Technology
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1750—2.5 million tons
1828—15 million tons
Originally relied upon muscle power
Later helped by animal power and carts on rail
Use of gunpowder
Iron
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Coke replaced charcoal for smelting iron
Better methods for smelting iron
Coal Mining in Britain
1800
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners
Agricultural Revolution
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New techniques &
practices
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Enclosure movement
Crop rotation
Use of horses
New technologies
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Farmers treat farming
as science
Jethro Tull’s seed drill
Metal farm implements
Great Britain’s Population Growth
1500-1850
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1500 CE
1600 CE
1700 CE
1820 CE
1850 CE
Growth of Manufacturing
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Cottage Industry (Putting-out System)
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Manufacturing of textiles occurred in the home
Part-time or full-time work done by families
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Women and children helped with production
Merchants distributed raw materials to
spinners and weavers
Constant shortages of thread led to new
ways of spinning cotton
Technological Advancements
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Textile Industry
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Spinning Jenny—1770
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1 worker could run 8
spindles instead of 1
Steam Engine—1763
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Machine for spinning
using water power
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Spinning Mule—1779
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Other Inventions
Water Frame—1779
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Combined spinning
jenny & water frame
Rise of factory system
Power Loom—1785
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Not widely adopted
until 1850
Led to riots by hand
weavers
Cotton Gin—1793
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Eli Whitney’s invention
increased the available
supply of cotton
Steamboat—1807
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James Watt made
steam engines
practical for running
machinery
Robert Fulton
Locomotive—1814
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George Stephenson
Clockwise from top left: the spinning
jenny, the water frame, the spinning
mule, and the power loom
Clockwise from top left: the factory
system, Watt’s steam engine, and
Stephenson’s locomotive
Government Supports Business
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England’s Economic Advantages
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A central bank
Well-developed credit market
Government encouraged technological change
and free markets
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Supported capitalism
Labor surplus
Builds railroads, canals, and better roads
Discussion Question
What were the positive and
negative effects of early
industrialization?
Factory System
Textile Factory Workers in England
1813
2400 looms
150, 000 workers
1833
85, 000 looms
200, 000 workers
1850
224, 000 looms
>1 million workers
Textile Factory Workers
Increasing Wealth
Urbanization
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Effects related to
urbanization
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Urban overcrowding
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Poor housing &
sanitation
Rising crime rates
Suburbanization
Government functions
shift
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Sewer systems
Housing regulations
Police forces
Industrial Manchester
Industrial Staffordshire
Coalbrookdale by Night
Problem of Pollution
The Silent Highwayman – 1858
Father Thames Introduces His
Offspring (Diphtheria, Scrofula,
and Cholera) to the Fair City of
London
The New Industrial City
Above: Early 19th century London by
Gustave Dore
Changing Labor Conditions
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Women & children are
majority of laborers by 1816
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Work became unpleasant
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Paid less
Many lived in factory dorms
Workers separated from family
Punctuality & efficiency
stressed
Poor working hours & wages,
unemployment, & frequent
accidents
Labor riots were common
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Luddites
Changing Family Values
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Women withdrew from formal jobs
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New roles in caring for children
Moral status improved
Education stressed by middle class
families
 Children seen as a source of emotional
satisfaction
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Cultural Changes
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Rise of Mass Leisure Culture
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Widespread advertising creates consumer fads
(bicycle)
Newspapers become popular
Radio and motion pictures
Organized sports: baseball, soccer, boxing,
horse racing
Family vacations for the wealthy and middle
class
Adjustments to Industrial Life
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Demographic Transition
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Declining birth rates
Declining death rates for children
Family size decreases
Life expectancy increased
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Discovery of germs by Louis Pasteur
Women began to outlive men
Widespread use of vaccines by the 1880s
Spread of Industrialization by 1850
2nd Industrial Revolution
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Scientific advances applied to industry
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Major advances in physics and chemistry
Led by the U.S. and Germany
 Thomas Edison introduced electric lighting
to New York City in 1882
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General Electric and Westinghouse become the
first multinational corporations
New business structures: corporations,
trusts, and cartels
2nd Industrial Revolution
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Advances in communications
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Needed by business managers to control their
many branches
Telegraph (1844) & telephone (1876)
Methods of Mass Production
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Electric power replaces steam power
Henry Ford introduces the assembly line (1913)
New waves of immigration
 Global industrialization: Russia, Canada,
Mexico, and Japan
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New York City, 1910
Responses to Industrialization
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Changes in government functions
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The “Constitutional Question” settled by 1850
The “Social Question”
Beginning of the welfare state
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Social insurance (worker’s compensation,
unemployment, etc.)
Symbolized extension of government
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Corresponds with the democratization of the political
system
Reform Movements
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Political Reform
Movements
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Utilitarianism
Socialism
Communism
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New Political Parties
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The Communist
Manifesto (1848)
Socialists
Communists
Methodist Church
Karl Marx
Labor Reform
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Labor unions
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Unions use collective bargaining and strikes to
push for reforms
Britain attempted to outlaw labor unions
Reform laws
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Combination Acts of 1825 – Legalizes labor
unions
Factory Act of 1833 – Child Labor
Mines Act of 1842 – Women and children
cannot work underground
Democratic Reforms
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Great Britain
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Reform Bill of 1832
Chartist Movement
Working class suffrage in
1867
Rural laborers in 1884
United States
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In 1800 property was
requirement to vote
All white males could vote
by mid-1850s
15th Amendment (1870)
Feminist Movements
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Goals
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Leadership
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Sought legal and
economic rights
Women’s suffrage
Middle class women
Emmeline Pankhurst
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
& Susan B. Anthony
English women gain
the right to vote 1918
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U.S. in 1920 with the
19th amendment