Transcript The Enclosure Movement

The Industrial Revolution Begins
(1750 – 1850)
Social Revolutions
Paleolithic Rev.
• over 4 million yrs ago
• first stone tools
• hunting, gathering
Neolithic Revolution
* 10,000 years ago
* farming begins
* domesticated animals
Agricultural Revolution
• Charles Townsend's crop rotation
• plant different crop each year
Enclosure Movement
• English landowners
bought and fenced
village land.
• Farmers had to pay to
use of the land
• Forced to make the most
out of their land
• Farmers moved to cities.
Weekly Budget for a Family of Seven in
Manchester England, 1830s
Total Income = $6.25
Expenses:
Butter
.31
Bread
.12
Tea
.09
Sugar
.18
Oatmeal
.13
Pepper/salt .06
Bacon
.18
Coal
.38
Potatoes
.33
Rent
.87
Milk
.43
TOTAL
Meat (1lb)
.14
Soap, candles
.25
$4.47
Enclosure Movement in Great Britain
• From 1727 to 1845 there were 1,385 enclosure
acts. From 1700 to 1845 about 14,000,000 acres
were enclosed which was a quarter of the arable
land in the country. In 1873, 2,250 persons
owned about half the land of England
• How many total acres of arable land were there in
England?
• If 2,250 people owned half the land of England
how many acres did each own, on average?
Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill
1. sow seeds in rows, at specific depths
2. larger share of seed germinated.
3. crop yields increased
4. population increased
Dawn of Industrial Age
• How did an agricultural revolution
contribute to a population explosion?
A Population Explosion
Causes:
1. The agricultural revolution contributed to a
rapid growth of population that continues
today.
2. The population boom of the 1700s was due
more to declining death rates than to rising
birthrates.
How?
Why England?
Manchester a “Premier Industrial City”
• cheap agricultural products
(wool-sheep, flax-linen,
cotton from colonies)
• no church control
• capital
• large work force
• natural resources
• democratic
Colonies
A- mercantilism made England rich
B- “The sun never sets on the British Empire.”
The Textile Industry
• Why? Cotton was
used for everything!
• Sails for ships,
clothing
• Need more cotton
• Whitney’s cotton gin
• Need fast producing
machines
Cottage Industry
Textile Industry Inventions
1733 -Spinning Jenny
• 1764 Flying Shuttle
–weaving
From Cottage/Domestic System to
the Factory System
Flying shuttle for hand loom
= wider fabric, faster weaving
Hargreaves’ spinning jenny (home use)
= more yarn needed
Arkwright’s water frame (factory spinning)
= More cotton needed
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
= faster removal of seeds
Growers raise more cotton
Factory System
• 1964 The Water Frame
started the first factory
system
Mother Necessity
• Merchants compete to sell
cheaper, better goods
• need to lower costs
• need quicker transportation
• need bigger factories
• need more markets
• shift to SKILLED workers
Energy Revolution - Steam Power
• Not all factories
could be near
water
• Need for new
power machinery
• 1st Newcomen,
then Watt’s
improved steam
engine
Transportation
• John McAdam
roadbed of large
crushed stones
with smooth layer
of crushed stones.
• The "macadam"
road is still the
basis for most of
our modern
highways.
The waterframe was an invention that benefited which
industry?
a) the iron industry
b) the transportation industry
c) the textile industry
d) the railroad industry
The trip from London to Manchester took how much
longer in 1750 than in 1850?
a)
approximately 70 hours
b)
approximately 5 hours
c)
approximately 100 hours
d)
approximately 30 hours
Which was true of life in the factory system?
a) Women were not permitted to work in the
factories
b) Workers who were sick or injured benefited from
insurance.
c) Laws prevented workers from working more than
eight hours a day.
d) Many people worked 12 to 16 hours a day.
Which was a benefit of the Industrial Revolution?
a) the cost of railroad travel rose.
b) wages fell.
c) the poor lived in decent homes & neighborhoods.
d) More jobs were created.
Communications
• 1844 Morse Code
telegraph
• 1866 Atlantic cable
connects N. America
and Europe
• 1884 Bell Telephone
replaced telegraph
• 1886 Marconi “wireless”
Which was a result of the enclosure
movement?
a) Farm output dropped.
b) Farm output rose.
c) Farm output stayed the same.
d) More people became involved in farming.
All of the following contributed to the
population explosion except
a) Women ate better.
b) Peasant farmers gained more land.
c) Hygiene and sanitation improved.
d) Medical care improved.
Effects - Social
• Urbanization
• No sanitary or building
codes
• Lack of adequate
housing & education
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Child Labor
14+ hours a day
One 40 min. break
1830 Manchester Family
of Seven earned
$6.25/week!
Life Expectancy
Leeds
• Gentlemen 44
• Tradesman 27
• Industrial Worker 19
Liverpool
Gentlemen 34
Tradesman 22
Industrial Worker 15
• Average Life Expectancy 1980s = 70-75
Effects of Industrial Revolution
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Urbanization
1600= 10%
1850= 40%
Today = 80%
Depletion of natural
resources
Environmental Effects
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Pollution
Desertification
Globalization
Global Warming
Higher Standard of Living
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lower prices
quantity over quality
shrinking world
slums, homeless
labor unions illegal
stock corporations
automation replaces
workers
Effect = New Social Order
Before
After
New wealthy Middle Class
Rich industrialized
nations vs. Poor
“third world” nations
Socialism & Communism (Marx)
• Socialism - workers
share the wealth
• Workers were exploited
• proletariat to unite and
overthrow factory owners
• dictatorship of the
proletariat
Karl Marx
• Communism = society run by working class, no
government necessary
Marx’s Communism does not occur
• Why???
–unions now
legal
–nationalism
–end of laissez
faire
Workers’ Rights
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Starts in England
Reform Act of 1832 = representation for cities
Reform Bill of 1867 = universal male suffrage
1825 = Legalization of Trade Unions
1911 House of Commons takes all legislative
power
• 1918 = women suffrage
Spread of Industrialization
• From England to Germany,
France and United States
(Gilded Age)
• Japan in 1854
• Russia begins by 1900
A Turning Point in History
• Why was the Industrial Revolution a
turning point in world history?
Industrial Rev. Leads to
Imperialism
• Get cheap raw
materials from
colonies
• Use colonies as
market to sell
products