Transcript APUSH Chapter 1 Notes Worlds Collide: Europe, Africa, and

ECONOMIC
TRANSFORMATION
1820–1860
APUSH Chapter 9 Notes
Warm Up
List the top five inventions that
have had the greatest effect
on the human race?

The American Industrial Revolution
1)
Two great changes:
1.
Industrial Revolution – Growth and mechanization of industry
2.
Market Revolution – Expansion and integration of markets
Both create class-divided society and challenged vision of agrarian
republic
3.
Industrialization (1790-1820)
2)
“Outwork system” and division of labor – more efficient, lowered the
price of goods, but eroded workers’ control over pace and work
conditions.
Factories created for tasks not suited to outwork
1.
2.
1.
3.
concentrated work under one roof and specialize tasks.
Stationary steam engines power mills and use power-driven machines
and assembly lines to produce new types of products.
Stationary Steam Engine
The Textile Industry and British Competition
British textile manufacturers worried about American
competition
1.
1.
2.
Britain prohibited the export of textile machinery and the emigration of
mechanics but
Many mechanics emigrate under disguise
Samuel Slater – “father of the factory system”
2.
1.
2.
Brought to America design for advanced cotton spinner;
Opening of his factory in 1790 marked advent of American Industrial
Revolution.
American and British Advantages
American
Abundance of natural resources
• Wealth of cotton and wool
• Fast moving rivers to power
mills
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Better established companies
Less-expensive shipping rates
Lower interest rates
Cheaper labor
Americans Seek Upper Hand
Improve British Technology
Cheap Labor of women workers
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British
Francis Cabot Lowell’s “Waltham plan” – company recruits farm women and girls as textile
workers who work for low wages.
women often found this work oppressive but many gain new sense of freedom and
autonomy
By the early 1830s more than 40,000 New England women worked in textile mills
Protective legislation in 1816 and 1824 levies high tariffs but reductions in 1833
cause some American textile firms to fail.
Boston Manufacturing Company, Waltham,
Massachusetts
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By combining improved technology, female labor, and tariff protection, the Boston
Manufacturing Company sold textiles more cheaply than the British.
In this 1836 image, a cornucopia (horn of plenty) spreads its bounty over the city of
Lowell, Massachusetts. The image of prosperity was deceptive. Two years earlier,
two thousand women textile workers had gone on strike in Lowell, claiming that their
wages failed to provide a decent standard of living.
New England Dominates Cotton Spinning
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
Most cotton grown
in South but not
processed there
New England has
fast moving rivers
and abundant
work force

How did the American textile
manufactures compete with the British
manufacturers? Four bullets
American Mechanics and Technological Innovation
1820s - American born inventers replace British
immigrants
Sellars family
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
Improved industrial process of dozens of products
1824- Helped found the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia
Mechanic institutes were established in other states, which
disseminated technical knowledge and encouraged
innovation
Explosion of Invention
In 1820 the U.S. Patent Office issued about
two hundred patents each year, but by 1860
it was awarding four thousand patents
annually.
Patent Office Headquarters –
Alexandria, VA
Inventing Capital Goods
Capital Goods – products used to create other
products
1.
Machine tools
2.
American mechanics pioneered development
Machines that make parts for other machines
1.
2.
1.
Eli Whitney – interchangeable parts
Other Inventors of note during this era :
3.
1.
Cyrus McCormick – Mechanical Reaper; John Deere – Steel
Plow; Samuel Colt – Revolver; Robert Fulton – Steam boat
“Clermont”; John Ericsson – Propeller
America’s Entrepreneurial Energy
Unleashed
1.
2.
3.
Expansion in availability of machines allowed American
Industrial Revolution to come of age
Some products become household names Remington rifles,
Singer sewing machines, and Yale locks
After Crystal Palace Exhibition companies open factories in
Great Britain and dominate many European markets
Improving Industries through Manufacturing
Wage Workers and the
Labor Movement
The Industrial Revolution changed the nature of
work and workers’ lives.
Craft workers develop “artisan republican
ideology,”
1.
2.
1.
Outwork and factory system challenge this
ideology
3.
1.
Workers adopt Dutch term boss and refer to
themselves as hired hands instead of master and
servant.
Skilled artisans form sense of common identity
and unity
4.
1.
5.
Collective identity based on liberty and equality
where each artisan is a small scale producer
Dislike unskilled factory workers “botches”
New industrial system divides traditional
artisan class: self-employed craftsmen and
wage-earning workers.

Give two examples of components of the
emerging industrial economy and then
describe how each could conflict with
artisan republicanism.
Labor Ideology and strikes
1.
2.
English and American common law prohibit workers to organize for
the purpose of raising wages because of interference in labor
market
Labor Ideology
Union leaders devise “labor theory of value” and organized strikes for
higher wages;
1.
3.
Unions and their battles
1828 – The Working Men’s Party
1.
1.
Mid-1830s – Building-trades workers
2.
1.
1.
4.
Win ten-hour workday from many employers and federal government.
1830 – Factory workers form Mutual Benefit Society
3.
4.
Seek abolition of banks, equal taxation, and system of public education
Seeking higher pay and better conditions
1834 – National Trades Union founded.
Downside of increases in wages
1.
By 1850s, labor supply exceeded demand, Unemployment rose to 10%
Leads to major recession and the Panic of 1857.
Transportation Revolution Forges Regional Ties
1.
The National Road
1.
2.
Interregional, government-funded highway were
Too slow and expensive to transport goods and crops efficiently
Erie Canal
2.
1.
2.
1st great engineering project in U.S. history; success b/c of
support from NYC merchants & NY governor;
Drawback – altered ecology and economy of region
Robert Fulton’s steamboat ensured success of waterborne
transportation system.
National government fosters interregional system of
transportation and communication
3.
4.
1.
2.
Post Office Act of 1792
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
The National Road
Note: Most transportation connected the
North to the Midwest
Selling the Old North and South West
To encourage
settlement
congress
reduces the
price of land
to $1.25 an
acre.
This policy
lures 5 million
people to
land west of
the
Appalachians
Each circle centers on a government land office and indicates the
relative amount of land sold at that office.
The Transportation Revolution
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Roads and Canals,
1820-1850
Efficient
transportation
system based on
three parts
Southern countryside
to Atlantic Coast
 Erie, C&O and Penn
to North East
 Old Northwest to
New Orleans
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Railroad and Regional Ties
Railroads create ties between Northeast and Midwest
1.
1.
By the 1830s Midwestern entrepreneurs were producing
goods that vastly increased output
2.
1.
2.
John Deere plows, McCormick and Hussey reapers replace
imported ones from Britain and the Northeast.
By 1847 entrepreneurs created factories using mass production
technique
Southern investors concentrate resources in cotton and
slaves,
3.
1.
4.
By the late1850s railroads are the main carriers of freight
(they replaced canals).
Preferring to outsource manufacturing to the Northeast and
Britain.
By 1840’s, the South’s cotton production accounted for
2/3’s of the total value of U.S. exports…and yet, the
South’s per capita income was still ¾ less than that of the
North
Railroads of the North and South
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During 1850
to1861Rail
explodes
Stimulates
economic
development
Different gauge
tracks hinder
trade

Compare the role of the national government in the
development of America’s transportation networks
to the roles of the state governments.
Increasing Farming Output
John
Deere
Wheat Farming at Bishop Hill
The McCormick Reaper
The Growth of Cities and Towns
1.
2.
3.
The expansion of industry and trade causes the
urban population to grow fourfold between 1820
and 1840.
Most rapid growth occurring in new industrial
towns that sprang up along “fall line”
Western commercial cities (New Orleans,
Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville) grew almost
as rapidly because of their location at points
where goods were transferred from one mode of
transport to another.
The Growth of Cities and Towns
4.
5.
6.
1860 – Largest cities in the United States were
New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, and Chicago, in
that order
The old Atlantic seaports—Boston, Philadelphia,
Baltimore, Charleston, and especially New York
City—remained important for their foreign
commerce and, increasingly, as centers of finance
and manufacturing.
New York’s growth stemmed primarily from its
control of foreign trade; by 1840 New York
handled almost 2/3 of foreign imports and almost
½ of all foreign trade.
Nations Major Cities
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3 Major City
Conglomerations
 Boston
to Baltimore
 Imports,
Banks,
Insurance, Manufactures
 Lake
Erie Region
 Wholesale
distribution
hubs
 Ohio
River
 Industrial
and
Wholesale centers

Describe and explain the differences between the
following cities at this time: Wilmington DE, Chicago
IL, and Charleston SC
Changes in the Social Structure
A. The Business Elite
1.
Industrial Revolution shatters traditional rural social order and
creates society composed of distinct regions, classes, and
cultures.
2.
In large cities the richest 1percent of population owned 40%
of all tangible property and larger share of stocks and
bonds.
3.
Government taxed tangible property but almost never taxed
stocks, bonds, or inheritances;
4.
The wealthiest families began to consciously set themselves
apart, and many American cities became segregated
communities divided geographically along the lines of class,
race, and ethnicity.
The Middle Class
1.
2.
3.
4.
A distinct middle-class culture emerged as the per capita
income of Americans rose about 2.5 percent per year
between 1830 and the Panic of 1857.
Middle-class Americans secured material comfort for
themselves and education for their children, and they
stressed discipline, morality, and hard work.
The business elite and the middle class celebrated work as
the key to a higher standard of living for the nation and
social mobility for the individual.
“self-made man” -
Urban Workers and the Poor
1.
2.
3.
4.
The bottom 10 percent of the labor force, the casual workers,
owned little or no property, and their jobs were:
Other laborers had greater job security, but few prospered;
many families sent their children out to work, and the death of
one parent often sent the family into dire poverty.
Over time, urban factory workers and unskilled laborers lived in
well-defined neighborhoods of crowded boardinghouses or tiny
apartments, often with filthy conditions.
Many wage earners turned to alcohol as a form of solace;
grogshops and tippling houses appeared on almost every block
in working-class districts, and police were unable to contain the
lawlessness that erupted.
The Benevolent Empire
D. During the 1820s Congregational and
Presbyterian ministers linked with merchants and
their wives to launch a program of social reform
and regulation.
1.
The Benevolent Empire targeted what?
2.
The benevolent groups encouraged people to
live well-disciplined lives, and they established
institutions to assist those in need and to control
people who were threats to society.
3.
Upper-class women were an important part of
the Benevolent Empire through sponsorship of
charitable organizations.
4.
The reform which encountered most opposition:
ending the conducting of business, games &
festivals on Sundays
Charles Grandison Finney: Revivalism
and Reform
E. Presbyterian minister Charles Grandison Finney; most
connected w/ revivals!
1.
Finney’s message that man was able to choose salvation
was particularly attractive to the middle class.
2.
Finney wanted to humble the pride of the rich and
relieve the shame of the poor by celebrating their
common fellowship in Christ.
3.
He appealed to women to convert their husbands to a
respectable disciplined life
4.
The business elite joined the “Cold Water” movement -
Charles Grandison Finney
Charles Grandison Finney: Revivalism
and Reform
6. The initiatives to create a harmonious community of
morally disciplined Christians were not altogether
effective; skilled workers argued for higher wages
more than sermons and prayers and Finney’s revival
seldom attracted poor people, especially Irish
Catholics.
7. Revivalists from New England to the Midwest copied
Finney’s evangelical message and techniques and the
movement swept through Pennsylvania, North Carolina,
Tennessee, and Indiana.
8. The temperance movement and the American
Temperance Society – most effective area of reform
The Drunkards Progress from the First
Glass to the Grave
Immigration and Cultural Conflict
F. Between 1840 and 1860, millions of immigrants
poured into the United States; most were from:
Ireland, Germany and Great Britain
1.
Where did they settle?
2.
who was the most prosperous?
 Nativist Movement resents immigrant culture
1.
Many Germans and most Irish were Catholics who
fueled the growth of the Catholic Church in
America; most nativist fears directed towards Irish
Immigration and Cultural Conflict
5.
6.
7.
8.
Because of the Protestant religious fervor stirred up by the
Second Great Awakening, Catholic immigrants met with
widespread hostility; in 1834 Samuel F. B. Morse
published Foreign Conspiracy against the Liberties of the
United States, which warned of a Catholic threat to
American republican institutions.
Anti-Catholic sentiment intensified: mobs of unemployed
workers attacked Catholics, and the Native American
Clubs called for limits on immigration.
Social reformers often supported the anti-Catholic
movement;
8. In most large northeastern cities, differences of class
and culture led to violence and split the North, similar to
the way that race and class divided the South.

Describe this political cartoon
using 2 pieces of SFI