Transcript Document
Violence Against Women in the Public Sphere: Evidence from “Safe Cities” Field Studies
Sahar El-Sheneity Social Research Center The American University in Cairo
Background
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The program was initiated by UN-Women in 2009; it is a global program to produce and ultimately offer a model for preventing and reducing Violence Against Women and Girls (VAW&G) in the public sphere, enabling them to move more freely and safely, and to increase their ability to exercise their right to enjoy such space.
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The program utilizes evidence-based research to guide policies aiming at making cities safe for women and girls. It stresses the role of capacity building and coordination among different duty bearers, service providers, stakeholders and rights-holders (the women themselves).
Background
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The initiative was officially launched in 2010 in five cities around the globe including Quito, Ecuador; Greater Cairo, Egypt; New Delhi, India; Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea; and Kigali, Rwanda.
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The Social Research Center (SRC) has been collaborating with UN-Women since 2009 to implement this program in three selected neighborhoods in Mansheyat Nasser, Ezbet Al Haggannah and Embaba.
Background
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SRC is the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) partner with the role of monitoring, evaluating and measuring the impact of this project on the intervention communities/sites.
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The program involves a wide range of implementing partners ranging from local NGOs, CARE, technical partners like Safe, El Horreya, Al7ayat, Aspire, Takween, Women Ombudsmen Office, Life Vision, Imprint, UN-Habitat and other UN partners.
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The project operates in three areas in Greater Cairo Region; Mansheyat Nasser, Ezbet Al-Haggannah and Embaba. In each area, a site is selected for intervention not the whole area.
Background
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SRC has conducted a baseline quantitative survey in 2011 to get an insight on the prevalence of the phenomenon in the three intervention sites in Greater Cairo.
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Another qualitative survey was concluded to help interpret results of quantitative survey and understand some basic concepts relating to VAW&G.
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Mid-term monitoring and end-line evaluation studies will be conducted during the course of the project.
Baseline survey
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For the quantitative baseline, a household-based survey was conducted and ever-married females aged 15-60, never married aged 15-45, and males aged 18-45 were interviewed in each household.
Distribution of sample
Interviews Ever married Never married Male Number of Households Al-Haggannah 632 129 313 659 (96%) (20%) (47%) Mansheyat Nasser 514 159 246 (93%) (29%) (45%) 550 Embaba 428 173 212 490 (87%) (35%) (43%)
Baseline survey
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For the qualitative baseline, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and In-Depth (ID) interviews were conducted with males and females from different age groups living in the intervention sites.
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In each site, males and females 18-29, 30-45 and students participated in the FGD, while children aged 9-11, teachers, religious leaders, parents, drug addicts, lawyers as well as members of the volunteer unit and local community units working with the project, all participated in ID interviews.
Concept of harassment
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Most respondents in the FGD and ID interviews considered verbal harassment as an ordinary thing and should not be considered harassment, while touching female’s body and anything more than this is considered harassment and as stated by one of the participants:
دح يأ شرحت شم يداع هد ،اهلرفصي ًلاثم ،ةدحاو ىلحأ ىتنإ ،ليمج اي ينعي ” سكاعيب “ ” شسبسب ام دح شيفام سبسبأ نأ هآ ..
شتسكاعام سب تيبح انأ “ ” شردقيم شرحتلا شرحتلا امنإ نكمم ةيداع ةسكاعم يه يصب لأ “
Concept of harassment
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While on the other hand others considered any act annoying the female as harassment:
اينيعب نكمم انأ ام لأ ،ةشحو ةكرح لمعأ انأ نأ وأ ،ةشحو ةملك اهلوقه ًلاثم انأ ” ةسيوك شم ةقيرطب اهلصبأ ،اهيب شرحتأ “
General perception of harassment in neighborhood
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 48 71 72
Weekly
22 20 20
Monthly Al-Haggannah
2 0 1
Yearly
90 80 30 20 10 0 70 60 50 40 23
Don't know
41 6 6 68
Weekly
84 22 33 56 6 2 0
Doesn't happen Increased after revolution Embaba
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 12 8
Monthly
45 17 7 1 2 0
Yearly Don't know
84 61 55
Weekly
11 7
Monthly
3 2 1
Doesn't happen
30
Mansheyat Nasser
0 1 4
Yearly
36 47 65
Increased after revolution
26 7 9
Don't know
40 48 68 2 1 1
Doesn't happen Increased after revolution
Incidents of harassment in neighborhood
40 30 20 10 0 90 80 70 60 50
Al-Haggannah
22 76 21 62 31 88 9 33 21 71 Harass. in neighb Harass. out neighb.
Harass. in or out neighb.
Al-Hagganna Sign harass.
inside Verbal harass.
inside 50 40 30 20 10 0 90 80 70 60
Mansheyat Nasser
82 80 25 26 28 87 9 29 23 82 Harass. in neighb Harass. out Harass. in or Sign harass.
Mansheyat Nasser inside Verbal harass. inside 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Embaba
8 68 9 65 12 83 4 32 8 67 Harass. in neighb Harass. out neighb.
Harass. in or out neighb.
Sign harass.
inside Verbal harass.
inside
Alone* Time Morning (6am-11am) Noon (12-5pm) Evening (6pm-10pm) Late night (After 10pm) Response Nothing Yelled Reason for not taking action* Not worth it May act badly if take action Afraid for my reputation Help* Someone saw and help Someone saw and didn’t help No one saw Report to police* Reasons not reporting to police Not worth it Ordinary subject, Happen a lot Changed Habits* Reporting on incidents of harassment Al-Haggannah Ever married Never married
70.07
79.5
Mansheyat Nasser Ever married Never married
79.67
77.17
Embaba Ever married Never married
85.71
85.4
26.95
50.35
21.99
0.71
87.23
8.25
69.67
11.48
11.48
4.96
33.33
61.70
0.00
56.74
29.08
21.43
55.1
23.47
0 87.76
4.08
58.33
12.50
25 2.04
37.76
60.2
0 56.12
37.76
14.29
49.21
34.13
2.38
84.92
11.72
42.06
20.56
18.69
7.14
59.52
33.33
0.00
67.46
14.29
28.46
44.62
26.92
0 93.85
3.08
52.71
24.03
12.4
2.31
69.23
28.46
0 66.15
26.15
11.11
50.00
38.89
0.00
80.56
12.96
57.14
14.29
14.29
8.33
36.11
55.56
2.78
54.29
31.43
9.4
56.41
32.48
1.71
87.18
7.69
47.46
21.19
21.19
7.69
41.03
51.28
0 45.3
34.19
Don’t go out alone Change roads you used to take Don’t go certain places
26.21
23.79
24.27
30.7
21.93
21.05
13.10
6.21
12.41
10.79
9.35
3.6
9.26
11.11
12.96
17.48
17.48
13.99
Response to harassment
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The most common response was doing nothing.
” يلِدهَبتتهو يمْتِشتته يتيدر ول يتنإ نلإ تكسأ مزلا “ يتنإو ب دلأا ةليلقو ةمرتحم شم اهيلع اولوقيب انه ملكتتب امل تنبلا شملكتنبام لا “ ” ىقب ةناحرف “
ىرخأ تلمكأو
” ...
ينعي يتنإ نأ سانلا يفرعتب هدك ” اهيذأي وه نإ قحلا هليدتب هدك يه ىقبي تَمَّلَكتإ ول “
Response to harassment
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But few actually take strong reaction.
ت مق ،كبحب نامك انأو يشام هل تلوق تمق ،يكارو يشمأ زياعو كبحب انأ هآ يلاق “ تمق يص ب ،عقرطيب ينعي ليمج بشبش اهتعاس ةسبلا تنك ،تعلق تمقو هدك هاكسَم ” ميظعلا اللهو هيب هتبرض هاكسم ،ىق ب اهمسج ىلع هديإ طحو يوق اهيب شرحتإ ،صلاخ هبدأ لقي ام ةياغل شوملكتم “ ” هيلع اهبدأ لقت هدك ” مسقلا مزلا شمو صلاخو اهقح اوبيجيو هوبرضي اهلهأ “ هبرضأ ينإ ينوناقلا ،ينات هدك شلمعيم ناشع ضرلأا هتماركب بيجتو هأزهت سكاع “ يب لكلا نإ نوكيه درلا نلإ ريبك دحل يكتشيه شدحام ،عراشلا يف بشبشلاب ” يد عيضاوملا يف ةطرش شيفامو
Effect on life
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Several effects have been mentioned.
تانبلا اوفطخيب بابشلا ..
يدادعلإا اهيدوأ ةيضار شم ،انه تنب اياعم انأ “ يتنب رسخأ يلاق اهيدو اهابابل تلق ،عاض اهلبقتسم يتنب يز ةدحاو ” ميلعتلا ناشع ..
مهوبصتغيو
40 30 20 10 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 88 80 98 88 80 98
Perception of reasons for harassment – Al-Haggannah
95 97 99 97 98 98 99 89 93 86 81 90 91 69 53 72 74 68 73 57 67 56 64 60 87 89 94
Ever married Never married Male
100 90 80 30 20 10 0 70 60 50 40
Perception of reasons for harassment – Mansheyat Nasser
85 77 95 85 77 95 70 60 63 99 97 97 99 97 99 84 77 80 81 67 93 65 63 73 83 81 81 51 50 92 95 94 24
Ever married Never married Male
Perception of reasons for harassment – Embaba
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 91 95 89 99 71 72 81 64 99 98 97 99 99 99 100 82 79 95 82 79 98 62 63 89 88 86 93 52 53 53 97 93 100
Ever married Never married Male
Perception of reasons for harassment
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Most respondents in the FGD and ID interviews repeated the stereotypes of blaming the female for harassment.
دح نأ اههركت ةجاح رتكأ تنبلا ..
اهمسجل سمل رشابم اي يظفل امإ اي شرحتلا “ اهنإ شبحتبم تنب شيفام امنأ ..
هفرعأ انأ يللا هد اهنع بصغ اهمسج سملي ” سكاعتت ن إ سحت كمادق يه ،ةمرتحم شم يه نإ كسسحتب يه كمادق نوكتب ةدحاو هيف يه “ ” اهم سج ةمسار ةسردملا ىف يجيتب ةيشام ىقبتب تانب هيف ،هدك ةزياع يللا يه تفل تبو ،اهباحصأ عم اهملاك ،اهتفقو ،اهتيشم ةقيرطب ،ةصرفلا هليدتب يللا يه “ ” اهسبل ةقيرط ...
هرظن ع بار نم ..
اهجايكمو اهسبلل هبتني بأ وأ خأ اهيل ول نلإ ،تنبلا سبلام هبابسأ “ ” اهيل تفتلأ وأ اهل صبه شم ةمرتحم تنب ول نإ ليحتسملا
Perception of reasons for harassment
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On the other hand, very few respondents did not repeat the stereotypes.
يسفن ىلع رطيسأ نكمم انأو اهسبلام يف ةرح يه ينعي نينتلإا ىلع بيع شرحتلا “ ، ” اهسكاعيه يريغ نويلم امنإ ،شاهسكاعامو قلاخأ اهدنع سانلا ،قلاخلأا يه ،يد اهسفنل هبيجتب تنبلا نأ فرتعم شم انأ نع عم “ سيب شدحامو يوأ ريصق اوسبليب اوناك تانيعبسلا يف ،هدك لمعت ليحتسم ” ةسكاعم
20 10 0 50 40 30 100 90 80 70 60
Perception of means to stop/decrease harassment – Al-Haggannah
97 100 97 98 100 99 95 97 97 97 92 93 98 90 90 90 91 98 86 64 71 74 48 57 52 81 81 Increase religion awareness Morals and manners Presence of police Presence of popular committee
Ever married
Women/Girls shouldn’t go out alone Women/Girls should wear decent clothes Women/Girls should watch way of walking/Talking
Never married Male
Offers jobs for youth Lighting deserted areas at night
100 90 80 70 60 20 10 0 50 40 30
Perception of means to stop/decrease harassment – Mansheyat Nasser
99 97 97 99 97 97 98 99 95 96 98 88 87 84 59 55 50 29 31 46 92 82 92 83 90 90 71 Increase religion awareness Morals and manners Presence of police Presence of popular committee
Ever married
Women/Girls shouldn’t go out alone Women/Girls should wear decent clothes Women/Girls should watch way of walking/Talking
Never married Male
Offers jobs for youth Lighting deserted areas at night
20 10 0 100 90 50 40 30 80 70 60 98 98 99
Perception of means to stop/decrease harassment – Embaba
99 100 100 91 91 97 93 99 91 100 98 94 100 64 66 65 32 39 59 79 79 86 84 96 Increase religion awareness Morals and manners Presence of police Presence of popular committee
Ever married
Women/Girls shouldn’t go out alone Women/Girls should wear decent clothes Women/Girls should watch way of walking/Talking
Never married Male
Offers jobs for youth Lighting deserted areas at night
Perception of solutions
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A common solution was a response to the stereotypes blaming the girl.
” ا هْمِِّشَحن لحلا ..
اهسكاعي دلولا رطضتب يللا يه ..
تنبلاو ملأاو بلأا ةطلغ “ ” ةبيجحتلاو ةيابعلا اهْسِِّبَلأ زنيج نولطنب سبلت شاهيلخم “
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On the other hand, very few respondents did not repeat the stereotypes.
مهتنب تكستب ىلع طغضلا اودوزيب يللاو ،ةيافك نيفقثم شم امه يللا ملأاو بلأا ةيلوئسم “ يه لوق يل يبو هدك يشام يللا شرحتملا ةيلوئسمو ،اهسفن يف ةقث اهودي اولواحي ام لدب لا ملاعلإا ةيلوئسم ،هتوهش ىلع لورتنك شودنعام نأكو ينريثتب يهو اهسبل يللا اهسفن تنبلا ةيلوئسم ،هيلع ةباقر شيفام يللاو ةلاسر هدنع ضورفملا ” ...
،اهقوقح ةفراع شمو اهتيرح ةفراع شم يللاو اهقح ىلع