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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Chapter 15
Physical and Cognitive
Development in Middle Adulthood
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Middle Adulthood
Ages 40 to 65
Continuation of early
adulthood changes:
time orientation
physical
cognitive
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Vision Changes
in Middle Adulthood
Presbyopia: “old eyes”:
inability to adjust focus to
varying distances
Pupil shrinks, lens yellows,
vitreous changes:
poor vision in dim light
decline in color discrimination
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Glaucoma risk
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Hearing Changes in
Middle Adulthood
Presbycusis: “old hearing”:
initially, decline in sensitivity
to high frequencies
gender, cultural differences:
men show earlier, more
rapid decline
hearing aids, modifications
to listening environment,
communication can help
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Skin Changes in
Middle Adulthood
Wrinkles:
forehead: starting in thirties
crow’s feet: forties
Sagging:
face, arms, legs
Age spots:
after age 50
Faster with sun
exposure, and for women
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Muscle–Fat Makeup
in Middle Adulthood
Middle-age spread common: fat gain
in torso:
men: upper abdomen, back
women: waist, upper arms
Very gradual muscle declines
Can be avoided:
low-fat diet
exercise, especially resistance training
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Anti-Aging Effects of
Calorie Restriction
Restricted diet benefits diverse
nonprimate species:
longer life
reduced incidence of disease
In primates and humans,
more years of healthy life,
not longer life
Calorie-restriction mimetics
may yield same health
benefits as calorie restriction
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Skeletal Changes
in Middle Adulthood
Bones broaden but become more
porous:
loss in bone density
women at greater risk
Loss in bone strength:
disks collapse, height shrinks
bones fracture more easily, heal more slowly
Healthy lifestyle can slow bone loss
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Climacteric and Menopause
Gradual end of fertility:
menopause follows 10-year climacteric
age range: late thirties to late fifties
earlier in non-childbearing women, smokers
Drop in estrogen:
monthly cycles shorten, eventually stop
can cause difficulties:
complaints about sexual functioning
decreased skin elasticity, loss of bone mass
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Menopausal Symptoms
Linked to
menopause
Not linked to
menopause,
other causes
should be
investigated
hot flashes/night sweats
sexual difficulties
irritability
sleep difficulties
depression
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Menopause Symptoms
Around the World
Figure 15.1
(Adapted from Obermeyer, 2000; Shea, 2006.)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Hormone Therapy
for Menopause
reduces hot flashes, vaginal dryness
some protection against bone loss
Benefits
heart attack, stroke, blood clots
cancer
gallbladder disease
Alzheimer’s and other dementias
gabapentin, antidepressants, black
cohosh for hot flashes
medications to prevent bone loss
Risks
Alternatives
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Reactions to Menopause
Individual differences:
importance of childbearing capacity, physical
attractiveness
highly educated women usually have more
positive attitudes
Cultural differences:
ethnic differences in the United States: AfricanAmerican and Mexican-American women hold
especially favorable views
SES, physical and psychological health linked
to reactions
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Reproductive Changes in Men
Decrease in
sperm volume, motility starting in twenties
semen after age 40
Gradual decline in testosterone:
sexual activity stimulates production
Erection difficulties:
frequent problems may be linked to anxiety,
disease, injury, loss of sexual interest
Viagra and other drugs offer temporary relief
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Health in Middle Age
85% rate as excellent
or good, a decline
from early adulthood
More chronic diseases
than in early adulthood
Research on women
increasing
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Sexuality in Middle Adulthood
Slight drop in frequency among married
couples:
stability of sexual activity is typical
best predictor is marital happiness
Intensity of response declines:
slower arousal due to climacteric
Sex still important, enjoyable to most
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Leading Causes of Death
in Midlife, United States
Figure 15.2
(Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012.)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Cancer in Middle Adulthood
One-third of U.S. midlife deaths:
more men than women
higher in low SES
Results from mutations:
germline or somatic
a complex interaction of heredity
and environment contributes
Often curable; survival
brings emotional challenges
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Cardiovascular Disease
Responsible for 25% of
middle-aged deaths
“Silent killers”:
high blood pressure,
cholesterol
atherosclerosis
Symptoms:
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heart attack (blockage)
arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat)
angina pectoris (chest pain)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Osteoporosis
Severe bone loss, fragile bones
Causes:
normal aging:
with age, bones more porous, lose bone
mass
menopause estrogen drop speeds loss
heredity, body build
lifestyle—diet, physical activity, smoking,
alcohol use
Women develop osteoporosis earlier;
men often overlooked
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Preventing and Treating
Osteoporosis
Diet:
vitamin D
calcium
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Weight-bearing exercise
Strength training
Bone-strengthening
medications
Early prevention
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Hostility and Health
Type A behavior pattern:
angry, impatient, competitive
prone to heart disease, other health
problems
Expressed hostility:
angry outbursts, rudeness,
criticism, contempt
predicts various cardiovascular
problems
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Managing Stress
Reevaluate the situation.
Focus on events you can control.
View life as fluid.
Consider alternatives.
Set reasonable goals.
Exercise regularly.
Use relaxation techniques.
Constructively reduce anger.
Seek social support.
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Coping Styles
Problem-Centered
Coping
Emotion-Centered
Coping
Identify and appraise
problems
Choose and
implement
potential solutions
Internal, private
Control distress when
the situation can’t be
changed
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Exercise in Midlife
Physical and psychological benefits:
stress management
reduces disease risk
Barriers to beginning in middle age:
time, energy, health, convenience, lack
of facilities
Self-efficacy promotes exercise and is
augmented by it
Activities that fit personal characteristics
Interventions to reach low-SES adults
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Hardiness
Control
Regard most experiences
as controllable
Commitment
Find interest and meaning
in daily activities
Challenge
View as normal part of life,
chance for growth
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Double Standard of Aging
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Aging men rated
more positively, women
more negatively
Influenced by media,
social messages
Appears to be
declining, with new,
positive view of
middle age
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Fluid and Crystallized
Intelligence
Fluid
Crystallized
Depends on basic
informationprocessing skills:
Skills that depend on
detecting relationships
among stimuli
speed of analyzing
information
working memory
accumulated knowledge
experience
good judgment
mastery of social
conventions
Valued by person’s
culture
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Longitudinal Trends in Mental Abilities
Figure 15.3
(From K. W. Schaie, 1994, “The Course of Adult Intellectual Development,” American
Psychologist, 49, p. 308. Copyright © 1994 by the American Psychological
Association. Reprinted with permission of American Psychological Association.)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Age-Related Slowing of
Information Processing
Neural Network
View
Information-Loss
View
Neurons in brain die,
breaking neural
connections
Brain forms new but
less efficient
connections
Information lost at each
step through cognitive
system
Whole system slows
down to inspect,
interpret information
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Attention in Middle Adulthood
More difficulties in
multitasking
focusing on relevant information
switching attention
combining visual information into
meaningful patterns
inhibition
May be due to decline in processing
speed
Experience, practice, training help
adults compensate
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Memory in Middle Adulthood
Working memory declines from twenties to
sixties:
reduced use of memory strategies
slower processing, attention
difficulties
Adults can compensate:
self-paced tasks
training in strategies
Few changes in
factual knowledge
procedural knowledge
metacognitive knowledge
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Becoming a Student in Midlife
39% of U.S. college students are over
age 25; 60% of them are women
Reasons are diverse:
job changes, seeking better income
life transitions
personal achievement, self-enrichment
Concerns:
academic abilities: aging and
gender stereotypes
role overload
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