Transcript of Chapter 7

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Chapter 7
Physical and Cognitive
Development in Early Childhood
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Physical Development
in Early Childhood
 Skeletal growth:
 new epiphyses emerge
 lose baby teeth
 Brain development:
 rapid growth of the prefrontal cortex
 hemispheres continue to lateralize
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Handedness
 Reflects dominant cerebral
hemisphere:
 right-handed (90%)—
left hemisphere
 left-handed (10%)—
both hemispheres
 Jointly influenced by
nature and nurture:
© Elena Stepanova/Shutterstock
 position in uterus
 practice
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Brain Development in
Early Childhood
 Left hemisphere especially active:
 language skills
 handedness
 Links among parts of
the brain increase:




cerebellum
reticular formation
hippocampus
corpus callosum
Figure 7.2
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Influences on
Physical Growth and Health
 Heredity and hormones:
 growth hormone
 thyroid-stimulating
hormone
 Nutrition
 Infectious disease:
 malnutrition
 immunization
 Childhood injuries
© CandyBox Images/Fotolia
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Nutrition in Early Childhood





Appetite declines
Wariness of new foods is adaptive
Needs a high-quality diet
Imitates others’ food choices
Poor-quality diet is associated with
cognitive deficits and behavior problems
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Infectious Disease
and Malnutrition
© Creativa/Fotolia
 Poor diet depresses
immune system
 Illness reduces appetite
 Diarrhea a danger in
developing countries;
can be helped by
 oral rehydration therapy
 zinc supplements
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Immunizations
 About 30% of U.S.
children lack
immunizations
 Reasons include
 cost
 parents’ stressful daily
lives
 misconceptions about
vaccine safety
© Jaimie Duplass/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Factors Related to
Childhood Injuries
 Gender and temperament
 Poverty, single parenthood, low parental
education
 Societal conditions:
 international differences
 teenage parents
 shortage of high-quality child care
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
International
Death Rates
Due to Injury
Figure 7.3
(Adapted from World Health Organization, 2008.)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Motor Development
in Early Childhood
 Gross-motor skills:
 balance improves
 gait smooth and rhythmic by age 2
 upper- and lower-body skills combine into
more refined actions by age 5
 greater speed and endurance
 Fine-motor skills:
 self-help: dressing, eating
 drawing and printing
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Progression of Drawing Skills
 Scribbles
 First representational forms:
 draws first recognizable
pictures: 3 years
 draws boundaries
and tadpole people:
3–4 years
 More complex
drawings: 5–6 years
 Early printing: 4–6
years
Figure 7.4
(Left: Reprinted by permission from Artful Scribbles by Howard Gardner.
Available from Basic Books, an imprint of The Perseus Books Group.
Copyright © 1982. Right: From E. Winner, “Where Pelicans Kiss Seals,”
Psychology Today, 20[8], August 1986, p. 35. Reprinted by permission
from the collection of Ellen Winner.)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Piaget’s
Preoperational Stage
 Ages 2 to 7
 Gains in mental representation:
 make-believe play
 symbol–real-world relations
 Limitations in thinking:
 egocentrism
 lack of conservation
 lack of hierarchical classification
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Early Childhood
Development of Make-Believe
 With age, make-believe gradually
 detaches from real-life
conditions
 becomes less
self-centered
 becomes more complex
 Sociodramatic play
develops
© Lisa Eastman/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Benefits of
Make-Believe Play
 Contributes to cognitive and social skills
 Strengthens mental abilities:






sustained attention
memory
language and literacy
creativity
regulation of emotion
perspective taking
© Mat Hayward/Fotolia
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Dual Representation
 Viewing a symbolic object as both
an object and a symbol
 Strengthens around age 3
 Adult teaching can help:
 experiences with maps, photos,
drawings, and make-believe play
 pointing out similarities of symbols to
real world
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Egocentrism
Failure to distinguish others’
viewpoints from one’s own
Figure 7.5
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Animistic Thinking
Belief that inanimate
objects have lifelike
qualities
© Rob Marmion/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Conservation
Understanding that physical
characteristics remain the same
when appearance changes:
 Centration: focus on one aspect to
neglect of others
 Irreversibility: inability to mentally
reverse a series of steps
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Piagetian Conservation Tasks
Figure 7.6
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Piaget’s
Class Inclusion Problem
Figure 7.7
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Follow-Up Research on
Preoperational Thought

Egocentrism


Logical
thought
Categorization


Able to take others’ perspectives
Animistic thinking results from
incomplete knowledge of objects
Conservation evident on simplified
tasks
Reasons by analogy about
physical changes
Hierarchical classification evident
in everyday knowledge
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Evaluation of Piaget
 Development of logical operations is
gradual
 Disagreement over whether a
preoperational stage really exists
 some experts deny the stage approach
 others support a flexible stage notion—a
related set of competencies develops over
an extended period
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Vygotsky’s
Sociocultural Theory
 Private speech
 Zone of proximal
development
 Scaffolding: support
of an “expert”
© Blend Images/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Children’s Private Speech
 For Piaget, “egocentric speech”
 For Vygotsky, the foundation for all higher
cognitive processes
 Serves a self-guiding function; increases
during challenging tasks
 Gradually internalized as silent, inner
speech
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding:
© Irina Schmidt/Shutterstock
 Adults aid learning
by adjusting support to
child’s level of
performance
 Effectiveness varies
culturally
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Evaluation of
Vygotsky’s Theory
 Helps us understand cultural variation in
cognition
 Focuses on language, deemphasizes
other routes to cognitive development
 Says little about how basic elementary
capacities (motor, perceptual, attention,
memory, and problem-solving skills)
contribute to higher cognitive processes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Gains in
Information Processing
 Attention:
inhibition, planning
 Memory:
recognition, recall,
episodic memory
 Theory of mind:
false belief
 Emergent literacy: Active efforts to
construct knowledge through informal
experience.
© David Huntley Creative/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Recognition and Recall
Recognition
Recall
 Noticing that a
 Generating a mental
stimulus is
representation of an
identical or similar
absent stimulus
to one previously  More difficult than
experienced
recognition
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Episodic Memory
© auremar/Shutterstock
 Scripts: memory
for familiar everyday
events
 Autobiographical
memory: memory
for one-time events
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Autobiographical Memory
 Improves with cognitive and
conversational skills
 Influence of adult interaction:
 elaborative style: fosters
organized and detailed personal
stories
 repetitive style: weak at promoting
autobiographical recall
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
The Young Child’s
Theory of Mind
 Early awareness of mental life: infancy
through age 3
 Mastery of false belief tasks: around age 4
 Factors contributing to mastery of false
belief:
 language
 executive function
 social experiences
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Fostering Emergent Literacy
 Language skills:
 phonological awareness
 vocabulary and grammar
 Informal literacy experiences:
 games
 interactive reading
 writing
 Books for low-SES
families
© Ami Parikh/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Early Childhood
Mathematical Reasoning
 Ordinality:
 order relationships
between quantities
 14–16 months
 Cardinality:
© Michael Jay Berlin/Shutterstock
 when counting, last
number is the total
 3½–4 years
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Features of a High-Quality
Home Environment
 Stimulation:
 toys, games, reading
 language
 academic





Physical organization
Emotional support
Modeling and encouragement
Variety in stimulation
No physical punishment
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Types of Preschool
Child-Centered
 Children select
from wide variety
of activities
 Learn through
play
Academic
 Teachers structure
learning
 Formal lessons:
 letter, numbers,
colors, shapes
 repetition and drill
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Vocabulary Development
 Fast-mapping:
 object names
 verbs
 modifiers
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
 Coins new words
 Uses metaphors
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Supporting
Early Childhood Language
 Conversation with adults
 Recasts: restructuring
inaccurate speech to
correct form
 Expansions: elaborating
on children’s speech
© Jenkedco/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.