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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Chapter 10
Emotional and Social
Development in Middle Childhood
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Erikson’s Theory:
Industry vs. Inferiority
Industry
Inferiority
Developing a sense
of competence at
useful skills and
tasks
School provides
many opportunities
Pessimism and lack of
confidence in own
ability to do things well
Negative responses
from family, teachers,
and peers can
contribute to negative
feelings
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Changes in Self-Concept
During Middle Childhood
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
More balanced, fewer
all-or-none descriptions
Social comparisons
Real vs. ideal self
References social
groups
Cultural variations
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Hierarchical Structure of
Self-Esteem in Middle Childhood
Figure 10.1
(Photos from left to right: © Mary Kate Denny/PhotoEdit; © Tom Pannell/Corbis; © Mitch Wojnarowicz/The Image Works; Radius
Images/Photolibrary)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Influences on Self-Esteem
Culture
Lower for Chinese
and Japanese
Higher for African
American
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Higher if ethnicity and
SES match others
Gender
Only slightly higher for
boys.
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Role of Parenting
in Self-Esteem
Authoritative style is best
Risks of controlling parenting: low selfesteem, aggression, and antisocial
behavior
Risks of indulgent parenting:
unrealistically high self-esteem, lashing
out at challenges to overblown selfimages
Encourage worthwhile goal-setting to
boost self-esteem
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Achievement-Related
Attributions
Reason for
Success
Reason for Failure
Masteryoriented
Ability
Controllable factors that
can be overcome by effort
Learned
helplessness
External
factors
Ability, which cannot
be changed by effort
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Influences on
Learned-Helpless Attributions
Parents
believe child incapable
make trait statements
Gender differences
SES, ethnic differences
© tmcphotos/Shutterstock
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Emotional Development
in Middle Childhood
Self-conscious emotions: governed by
personal responsibility
Emotional understanding:
explains emotion using internal states
understands mixed emotions
empathy increases
Emotional self-regulation:
motivated by self-esteem and peer approval
emotional self-efficacy
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Coping Strategies
Problem-Centered
Coping
Emotion-Centered
Coping
Appraise situation
as changeable
Identify difficulty
Decide what to do
Use when problemcentered coping does
not work
Internal, private, and
aimed at controlling
distress when little can
be done about outcome
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Changes in
Moral Understanding
Flexible moral rules:
lying not always bad/truthfulness not
always good
considers prosocial and antisocial
intentions
Clarifies link between moral imperatives
and social conventions:
considers people’s intentions and the
contexts of their actions
Cultural similarities/differences
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Understanding
Individual Rights
Challenges adult authority
within personal domain
Views denials of personal
choice as wrong
Places limits on personal
choice, typically deciding
in favor of kindness and
fairness
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Understanding
Diversity and Inequality
By the early school years
associates power, privilege
with white people
assigns stereotyped traits to
minorities
With age, overt prejudice
declines:
© Notte Lourens/Shutterstock
focuses on inner traits
subtle prejudice may persist
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Individual Factors
Contributing to Prejudice
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Fixed view of
personality traits
Overly high
self-esteem
Social world in
which people are
sorted into groups
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Reducing Prejudice
Long-term intergroup
contact:
neighborhoods
schools
communities
© Monkey Business
Images/Shutterstock
Fostering belief in
changeability of
human traits
Volunteering
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Peer Groups
Organize on basis of
proximity, similarity
Peer culture:
vocabulary, dress
code, gathering place
can involve relational
aggression and
exclusion
© Blend Images/Shutterstock
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Friendship in
Middle Childhood
Personal qualities, trust become
important
More selective in choosing friends:
tends to select friends similar to self
Friendships fairly stable, can last several
years
Type of friends affects development:
aggressive friends often magnify antisocial
acts
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Categories of
Peer Acceptance
Popular
Rejected
popular-prosocial
popular-antisocial
rejected-aggressive
rejected-withdrawn
Controversial
Neglected
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Bullies and Victims
Bullies
Victims
Most are boys
Physically, verbally,
relationally
aggressive
Socially prominent,
powerful
Passive when active
behavior expected
Lack defenders
Inhibited temperament
Physically frail
Overly protective,
controlling parents
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Helping Rejected Children
Coach positive social
skills.
Promote perspective
taking and social
problem solving.
Alter peers’ negative
opinions.
Intervene in negative
parenting practices.
© Dawn Shearer-Simonetti/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Gender Typing in
Middle Childhood
Gender stereotypes:
extended to include personalities and
school subjects
more flexible views of what males and
females can do
Gender identity (third–sixth grade):
boys’ “masculine” identification strengthens
girls become more androgynous
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Gender Identity
Self-evaluations
affect adjustment:
© Elaine Willcock/Shutterstock
gender typicality
gender contentedness
felt pressure to
conform to gender
roles
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Family Relationships
Parents:
coregulation
Siblings:
rivalry
companionship
© Andresr/Shutterstock
and assistance
parental encouragement
of warm sibling ties
is vital
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Only Children
High in self-esteem,
achievement motivation
Closer relationships
with parents:
greater pressure
for mastery
Peer acceptance tends
to be less favorable:
© tokyoimagegroups/Shutterstock
lack of practice in conflict
resolution
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
International Divorce Rates
Figure 10.2 (Adapted
from U.S. Census Bureau,
2012b.)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Consequences of
Parental Divorce
Immediate
Long-Term
Drop in income
Improved adjustment
after two years
Parental stress,
disorganized
Multiple divorces
home life
associated with greater
adjustment difficulties
Child reactions
vary with age, sex, Father’s involvement and
temperament
effective coparenting
improve adjustment
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Helping Families
Through Divorce
Shield children from conflict.
Provide continuity in daily life.
Explain the divorce.
Emphasize permanence of
situation.
Sympathize with children’s
feelings.
Use authoritative parenting.
Promote relationship with
both parents.
© Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Blended Families
Mother–Stepfather
Father–Stepmother
Most common
Boys tend to adjust
quickly
Girls often adapt less
favorably
Older children and
adolescents of both
sexes display more
adjustment problems
Often leads to reduced
father–child contact
Children in father
custody often react
negatively
Girls and stepmothers
slow to get along at
first, gradually adapt
favorably
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Maternal Employment and
Child Development
Benefits:
higher self-esteem
positive family and peer
relations
fewer gender stereotypes
better grades
more father involvement
© c12/Shutterstock
Drawbacks:
heavy employment demands
associated with ineffective
parenting
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Fears and Anxieties in
Middle Childhood
Common fears include
poor academic performance
peer rejection
personal harm
threats to parents’ health
frightening media events
School phobia:
5–7 years: maternal separation
11–13: particular aspects of school
Harsh living conditions promote severe
anxieties
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Ethnic and Political Violence
Chronically dangerous
environments:
loss of sense of safety
desensitization to violence
impaired moral reasoning
pessimistic view of future
© ZouZou/Shutterstock
Parents, communities, schools
must provide reassurance,
security, intervention:
preserve physical, psychological,
educational well-being
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Child Sexual Abuse
More often girls
Characteristics
Most cases reported in middle
of victims
childhood
Usually male
Characteristics Usually a parent or known by parent
of abusers
Internet and mobile phones used to
commit abuse
Consequences
Emotional, physical, and behavioral
reactions
May persist for years
Prevention and Prevention: education
treatment
Treatment: long-term therapy
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Factors Related to Resilience
Personal characteristics:
easy temperament
mastery orientation
© Sascha Burkard/Shutterstock
Warm parental
relationship
Supportive adult outside
family
Community resources
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