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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Chapter 16
Emotional and Social Development
in Middle Adulthood
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Erikson’s Theory:
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Generativity
Stagnation
Reaching out to others in
ways that give to and
guide the next generation
Extending commitment
beyond self and partner
May be realized through
parenting or other family,
work, and mentoring
relationships
Self-centered, selfindulgent, self-absorbed
Lack of interest in young
people
Focus on what one can get
from others, not what one
can give
Little interest in being
productive at work or
developing talents
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Aging, Generativity,
and Self-Perceptions
Figure 16.1
(Adapted from Stewart, Ostrove, & Helson, 2001.)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Highly Generative Adults
Well-adjusted:
low in anxiety,
depression
high in autonomy,
self-acceptance,
life satisfaction
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Levinson’s Four Tasks
of Middle Adulthood
Young–Old
Destruction–
Creation
Masculinity–
Femininity
Engagement–
Separateness
Seek new ways of being
both young and old
Acknowledge past hurtful
acts, try to leave legacy
for future generations
Balance masculine and
feminine parts of self
Balance engagement
with and separateness
from external world
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Vaillant’s View of Midlife
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“Keepers of meaning”:
older people as
guardians of their culture
“Passing the torch” to
next generation
Focus on longer-term,
less-personal goals
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Is There a Midlife Crisis?
Wide individual differences
in response
Gender differences in
work-related turning points:
women: early adulthood
men: midlife
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Sharp disruption uncommon
Differences in handling life regrets:
making life changes or not
role of interpretation, acceptance in well-being
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Possible Selves
What one hopes to become or fears
becoming
Become fewer in number, more modest
and concrete with age
Rely more on temporal than on social
comparisons
Can be redefined by the individual,
permitting affirmation of the self
Play protective role in self-esteem
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Self-Acceptance, Autonomy,
Environmental Mastery
Gains in expertise, practical problem solving
More complex, integrated self-descriptions
Increase in
self-acceptance
autonomy
environmental mastery
Factors contributing to
well-being differ among
cohorts
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Factors in Midlife
Psychological Well-Being
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Good health and
exercise
Sense of control and
personal life investment
Positive social
relationships
Good marriage
Mastery of multiple roles
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Coping Improvements
in Middle Adulthood
Effective coping strategies:
identifying positives
postponing action while evaluating
alternatives
Personality changes that support coping:
complex, integrated, coherent
self-descriptions, blending strengths
and weaknesses
gains in emotional stability and confidence
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Gender Identity
in Middle Adulthood
Women increase in “masculine” traits
Men increase in “feminine” traits
Theories:
parental imperative
cohort effects:
women’s career
experiences
demands of midlife
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Big Five Personality Traits
Neuroticism
Extroversion
Openness to
experience
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Changes in Big Five
Personality Traits with Age
Basic, enduring individual dispositions
persist
Changes occur in overall organization
and integration of personality:
agreeableness and conscientiousness
increase
neuroticism declines
extroversion and openness to experience
remain the same or decrease slightly
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Relationships at Midlife
Often, more close relationships than in any
other period:
ties to both older and younger generations
well-established friendships
For many people, a
liberating time:
sense of completion
opportunity to
strengthen social ties,
rekindle interests
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Marriage in Middle Adulthood
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Middle-aged households
typically well off compared
with other age groups
Contemporary view
of midlife marriage:
expansion, new horizons
Need for review and
adjustment of marital
relationship
Marital satisfaction predicts
psychological well-being
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Divorce in Midlife
Rate for U.S. 50- to 65-year-olds has
doubled over past 20 years
Midlifers adjust more easily than young
adults:
practical problem solving
effective coping strategies
Contributes to feminization of poverty
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Parenting in Middle Adulthood
Launching: culmination of “letting go”
process:
decline in parental authority
continued contact, affection, support to children
adjusting to in-laws
kinkeeper role, especially for mothers
Affected by
investment in nonparental roles, especially work
children’s characteristics: “off-time” children
stress parents
cultural variations in social clock
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Grandparenthood
On average, begins in early fifties; can spend
one-third of life as a grandparent
Significant milestone for most
Grandparenting styles influenced by proximity,
age, gender, SES, ethnicity
Trends in grandparenting:
extended-family household
skipped-generation family
response to divorce of
grandchildren’s parents
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Middle-Aged Children
and Their Aging Parents
Increasingly likely to have living parents
Reassess relationships with parents
In collectivist cultures, parents typically live
with married children
Children provide more help to parents:
financial and household aid
caregiving as parental health problems
increase
helping based on quality of earlier
relationships
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Caring for Aging Parents
“Sandwich generation”
Factors include finances, location,
gender, culture
Highly stressful:
time devoted to care averages 10 to 20
hours per week, more for women
emotional strain of witnessing parent’s
decline
greatest stress for those sharing a
household with ill parent
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Baby Boomers Caring
for Aging Parents
Figure 16.2
(Adapted from The MetLife Study of
Caregiving Costs to Working
Caregivers: Double Jeopardy for Baby
Boomers Caring for Their Parents,
June 2011, Figure 3. Reprinted by
permission of the MetLife Mature
Market Institute, New York, NY.)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Ingredients of Effective
Retirement Planning
Finances
Fitness
Role adjustment
Where to live
Leisure and
volunteer activities
Health insurance
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