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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Chapter 1
History, Theory, and
Research Strategies
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Developmental Science
The study of constancy
and change throughout
the lifespan
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
The Field of
Developmental Science
 Scientific
 Applied
 Interdisciplinary
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Basic Issues
in Development
 Continuous or discontinuous?
 One course of development or many?
 Relative influence of nature and
nurture?
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Basic Issues
Nature vs. Nurture
Nature
 Hereditary
information
 Received from
parents at
conception
Nurture
 Physical and
social forces
 Influences
biological and
psychological
development
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Stability and Plasticity
Stability
Plasticity
 Persistence of
 Development is
individual
open to lifelong
differences
change
 Lifelong patterns  Change occurs
established by
based on influential
early experiences
experiences
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Lifespan Perspective
Development is
 lifelong
 multidimensional and
multidirectional
 highly plastic
 influenced by multiple,
interacting forces
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Periods of Development
Prenatal
Conception to birth
Infancy and toddlerhood
Birth–2 years
Early childhood
2–6 years
Middle childhood
6–11 years
Adolescence
11–18 years
Early adulthood
18–40 years
Middle adulthood
40–65 years
Late adulthood
65 years–death
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Major Domains
of Development
Figure 1.2
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Influences on Development
Multiple, interacting forces:
 Age-graded
 History-graded
 Nonnormative
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Resilience
 Ability to adapt effectively
in the face of threats to
development
 Factors in resilience:




personal characteristics
warm parental relationship
social support outside family
community resources and
opportunities
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Lifespan View of
Development
Figure 1.3
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Scientific Beginnings
Darwin
Theory of
evolution
Hall, Gesell
Normative
approach
Binet
Mental testing
movement
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freud and Erikson
 Emphasis on
individual’s unique
life history
 Conflicts between
biological drives and
social expectations
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Freud’s Three Parts
of the Personality
Id
Ego
 Largest portion of the mind
 Source of biological needs/desires
 Conscious, rational part of personality
 Emerges in early infancy
 Redirects id impulses in acceptable ways
 The conscience
Superego  Develops from ages 3 to 6 through
interactions with caregivers
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages





Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Erikson’s
Psychosocial Stages
Basic trust vs. mistrust
Birth–1 year
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
1–3 years
Initiative vs. guilt
3–6 years
Industry vs. inferiority
6–11 years
Identity vs. role confusion
Adolescence
Intimacy vs. isolation
Early adulthood
Generativity vs. stagnation
Middle adulthood
Integrity vs. despair
Late adulthood
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Behaviorism and
Social Learning Theory
Classical
conditioning
Stimulus–response
Operant
conditioning
Reinforcers and
punishments
Social learning
theory
Social-cognitive
approach
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Behaviorism and
Social Learning Theory
 Contributions:
 behavior modification
 modeling, observational learning
 Limitations:
 narrow view of environmental influences
 underestimates individual’s active role
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Piaget’s CognitiveDevelopmental Theory
 Children actively construct knowledge by
manipulating and exploring their world.
 Mental structures adapt to better fit with
environment.
 Development moves through four broad
stages.
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Piaget’s Stages




Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Information Processing
 View of the human mind as a
symbol-manipulating system
 Development as a continuous
process
 Use of rigorous research methods
 Little insight into creativity or
imagination
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Developmental Cognitive
Neuroscience
 Relationship of brain changes to cognitive
processing and behavior patterns
 Brings together researchers from




psychology
biology
neuroscience
medicine
 Practical applications
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Ethology
 Adaptive value and
evolutionary history
of behavior
 Acquisition of
adaptive behaviors:
 critical period
 sensitive period
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Evolutionary Developmental
Psychology
 Adaptive value of
 cognitive
 emotional
 social
competencies as they change with age
 Person–environment system throughout
the lifespan
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Vygotsky’s
Sociocultural Theory
 Transmission to the next
generation of a culture’s




values
beliefs
customs
skills
 Cooperative dialogues
between children and more
expert members of society
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Ecological Systems Theory
Figure 1.5
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Ecological Systems Theory
 Layers of the
environment:




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microsystem
mesosystem
exosystem
macrosystem
 Chronosystem:
temporal dimension
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Common Research Methods
 Systematic observation:
 Naturalistic observation
 Structured observation
 Self-reports:
 Clinical interview
 Structured interview, questionnaires,
tests
 Clinical, or case study, method
 Ethnography
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Systematic Observation
Naturalistic
Observation
Structured
Observation
Observation of
behavior in natural
contexts
Reflects participants’
everyday lives
 Observation of
behavior in laboratory
 Gives all participants
opportunity to display
behavior
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Self-Reports
Clinical
Interview
Structured
Interview
Conversational style
Probes for
participant’s
viewpoint
Provides large amount
of information in brief
period
 All participants are
asked the same
questions in the
same way
 Permits comparisons
and efficient data
collection
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Clinical/Case Study Method
 Full picture of individual’s
psychological functioning
 Combines information from
 interviews
 observations
 test scores
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Ethnography
 Participant observation
of culture or social group
 Rich, descriptive insights
 Does not permit
generalization from
findings
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
General Research Designs
Correlational
Experimental
 Reveals relationships
between participants’
characteristics and
behavior
 Does not permit
cause-and-effect
inferences
 Participants randomly
assigned to treatment
conditions
 Detects cause-andeffect relationships
 Findings may not
apply in real-world
conditions
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Experimental Design
Independent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
 Manipulated by
experimenter
 Expected to cause
changes in another
variable
 Measured, but not
manipulated, by
experimenter
 Expected to be
influenced by
independent variable
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Random Assignment
 Unbiased procedure used to assign
participants to treatment conditions
 Increases chances that characteristics will be
equally distributed across conditions
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Modified Experiments
Field Experiment
 Conducted in
natural settings
 Capitalizes on
existing
opportunities
for random
assignment
Natural/QuasiExperiment
 Compares existing
differences in
treatment
 Participant groups
matched as much
as possible
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Developmental
Research Designs
Longitudinal
Same group studied
at different times
Cross-sectional
Different groups studied
at the same time
Sequential
Compares similar
cross-sectional or longitudinal
studies (sequences)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Rights of Research
Participants





Protection from harm
Informed consent
Privacy
Knowledge of results
Beneficial treatments
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