Development Through the Lifespan
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Transcript Development Through the Lifespan
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Chapter 14
Emotional and Social
Development in Early Adulthood
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Emerging Adulthood
Explore alternatives in:
Education
Work
Personal values and behavior
Routes to adult responsibility
vary in:
Timing
Order
Develop a more complex selfconcept
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Identity Development in
Emerging Adulthood
Explore in breadth and depth
Depth: higher in self-esteem, wellbeing, adjustment
Too much breadth: poor
adjustment, anxiety, depression,
deviant behavior
Dual-cycle model
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Fluctuating between making new
commitments and evaluating old
ones
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Religion in
Emerging Adulthood
Religious practice falls in late teens and
twenties: 1 in 4 U.S. 18- to 29-year-olds
unaffiliated with a particular faith
Religion remains more important to U.S.
young people than in other developed
nations
Many construct individualized faith,
weaving together diverse traditions
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Religiosity Among Cohorts of
U.S. 18- to 29-Year-Olds
Figure 14.1
(Adapted from Pew
Forum on Religion and
Public Life, 2010.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Worldview in
Emerging Adulthood
“Generation me” controversy:
Is there increased narcissism and
materialism?
Cohort evidence
questions these claims
Involvement in
volunteerism,
community service
Voter turnout
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Cultural Change, Cultural Variation,
and Emerging Adulthood
Cultural change
Entry-level positions require more education
Wealth, longevity free young people from
immediate entry to work force
Emerging adulthood largely limited to:
Middle- and high SES in industrialized nations
Wealthy, privileged few in developing countries
Some researchers question whether
emerging adulthood is a distinct period
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Fostering Success in
Emerging Adulthood
Resilience
Cognitive attributes
Emotional attributes
Social attributes
Social support
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Erikson’s Theory:
Intimacy versus Isolation
Intimacy
Isolation
Making a permanent Loneliness, selfcommitment to
absorption
intimate partner
State of searching
Redefining identity
Secure identity
associated with
fidelity
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Levinson’s Seasons of Life
Early adult transition
Dream
Women have “split dreams”
Mentor
“Age-30 transition”
Men “settle down”
Women remain unsettled
Occupational or
relationship commitments
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Vailiant’s Adaptation
to Life in Men
20s
Intimacy concerns
30s
Career consolidation
40s
Generativity
50s and 60s
70s
“Keepers of meaning”
Spirituality and reflection
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
The Social Clock
Age-graded expectations
for life events
Less rigid than in earlier
generations
Following a social clock
lends confidence,
contributes to social
stability
Distress if not following or
falling behind
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Selecting a Mate
Most select partners similar to
themselves
Gender differences:
Women: intelligence, ambition,
financial status, and moral character
Men: attractiveness and domestic
skills
Evolutionary perspective
Social learning view
Higher value placed on attributes
that contribute to relationship
satisfaction
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Childhood Attachment Patterns
and Adult Romantic Relationships
Attachment
History
Working Model
Comfortable with
intimacy; unafraid of
abandonment
Secure
Adult Relationships
Trust, happiness,
friendship
Avoidant
Emphasize
Jealousy, emotional
independence, mistrust, distance, little physical
anxiety about closeness pleasure, unrealistic
beliefs
Resistant
Seek quick love,
complete merging
Jealousy, desperation,
emotional highs and lows
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Triangular Theory of Love
Intimacy: warm, tender concern
Passionate love: sexual attraction
Companionate love: affection and
caregiving
Passionate love early,
companionate love later
Passion gradually fades, while
intimacy and commitment
strengthen
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Friendships in
Early Adulthood
Friends
Are usually similar in age,
sex, SES, interests
Enhance self-esteem, make
life more interesting
Trust, intimacy, loyalty
continue to be important
Contributions of
social media
Siblings as friends
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Gender and Friendship
Same-Sex Friendships
Other-Sex Friendships
Gender differences: women’s Fewer than same-sex
more intimate
friendships
Individual differences: longer Educated, employed women
friendships more intimate
have largest number
Benefits to both genders:
Men: opportunity for emotional
expressiveness
Women: objective points
of view
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Family Life Cycle
Early adulthood:
Leaving home
Joining of families in marriage
Parenthood
Middle adulthood:
Launching children
Late adulthood:
Retirement
Death of spouse
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Leaving Home
Average age of leaving increased over
last 50 years
Financial dependence is a factor
More than 50% leave, then return briefly
Culture, SES, ethnicity affect ability to
leave, interest in leaving
Parents highly committed to helping
young people move into adult roles
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Trends in Marriage
Marrying later
70% marry at least once
Fewer marriages
Staying single,
cohabiting, not
remarrying after divorce
Trend toward
legalization of
same-sex marriage
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Traditional and
Egalitarian Marriages
Traditional
Egalitarian
Clear division of roles
Partners as equals
Share power, authority
Woman: cares for
Balance in attention to jobs,
husband, children, home
children, home, spouse
Man: head of household;
Most well-educated women
responsible for
expect this form of marriage
economic well-being
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Gender and Housework Hours
Figure 14.2
(From L. P. Cooke, 2010, “The Politics of Housework,” in J. Treas
& S. Drobnic, [Eds.], Dividing the Domestic: Men, Women, and
Household Work in Cross‐National Perspective, p. 70. Copyright ©
2010 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Jr. University.
Adapted with the permission of Stanford University Press,
www.sup.org.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Factors Related to
Marital Satisfaction
Family backgrounds
Age at marriage
Timing of first pregnancy
Relationship to extended family
Marital patterns in extended family
Financial and employment status
Family responsibilities
Personality characteristics
Positive biases of partner’s attributes
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Partner Abuse
Committed by both men and women, but
women more likely to be seriously injured
Violence–remorse cycles common, related to:
Personality
Developmental history
Family circumstances
Culture
Existing treatments not very effective; need
whole-family approach, services for men
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Assaults by Intimate
Partners Against Women
Figure 14.3
(From Kaya & Cook, 2010; World Health Organization, 2000, 2005.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Trends in Having Children
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In United States,
fewer married
couples have
children (70%)
Delay having
first child
Decline in family
size: U.S. average
of 2.1 children
per woman
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Decision to Have Children
Advantages
Disadvantages
Warmth, affection
Stimulation, fun
Growth, learning
experiences
Carry on legacy
Sense of
accomplishment
Loss of freedom
Role overload
Financial strain
Impinge on woman’s
career
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Transition to Parenthood
Parental roles
Often become more traditional with first birth
With second birth, pull back from traditional roles
Typically mild decline in relationship
satisfaction; sharing caregiving predicts
happiness
Later parenthood eases transition
Attainment of occupational goals
More life experience
Stronger relationship
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Parenting
With young children:
Effective parents work together as
coparenting team
Challenges: few social supports, hard to find
child care
With adolescents:
Brings sharp changes
Challenges: negotiation of roles, dip in
family life satisfaction
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Parent Education
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Parenting books,
magazines,
websites
Social networks,
media, especially
for mothers
Classes
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Singlehood
Increasing: 8%–10% remain single for life
Gender differences:
Women more likely to stay single
More well-educated women, uneducated men
single after age 30
Ethnic differences: African Americans single
longer
Stressful periods:
Late twenties
Mid-thirties for women
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Cohabitation
Increase in unmarried, sexually
intimate couples living together
Preparation for marriage vs.
alternative to marriage:
In Western Europe, cohabiters nearly
as committed as married people
U.S. couples who cohabit before
engagement more likely to divorce
Homosexual cohabiters report
strong relationship commitment
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Childlessness
Involuntary
No parenthood partner
Infertile
May be dissatisfied
Voluntary
Usually college-educated
and committed to
prestigious jobs
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About 20% of women
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Divorce Rates
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Stabilized since
1980s
In United States,
about 45%
Most common
times: first seven
years, midlife
Young children and
adolescents involved
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Causes and Factors
in Divorce
Ineffective problem solving
Separate lives
Major problems: infidelity, money
issues, substance abuse
Background factors: age, religion, prior
divorce, family background
SES
Gender roles, expectations
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Consequences of Divorce
Major change in life and self-image
Opportunities for positive and negative outcomes
Immediate consequences generally subside in
two years
Disrupted social networks
Decline in social support
Increased anxiety, depression, impulsivity
Traditional women and noncustodial fathers may
have more problems
New partner enhances life satisfaction
More crucial for men
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Remarriage After Divorce
Most remarry within four years of divorce
Men sooner than women
Vulnerable to breakup:
Too focused on practical matters
Carry over negative interaction patterns
More likely to view divorce as acceptable resolution
Stepfamily stress
Takes three to five years to blend new family
Education, couples/family counseling can help
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Variant Styles of Parenthood
Stepparents
Never-married
single parents
Gay and
lesbian parents
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Stepparents
Stepmothers experience more parent–
child conflict
Stepfathers with children establish
positive bonds faster
Relationship quality varies widely
Higher divorce rate for remarried
couples with stepchildren
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Never-Married Single Parents
Affects about 11% of U.S. children
Predominantly African-American
women: reliance
on extended family
Increased financial hardship for
low-SES women
Paternal involvement
Reliability of biological father
Stepfather–stepchild relationships
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Gay and Lesbian Parents
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20%–35% of lesbians,
5%–15% of gay men
Children of heterosexual
past relationships, adoption,
or assisted reproduction
Children do not differ from
peers cognitively or socially
May build “families of choice”
Stigma is a major concern
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Career Development
in Early Adulthood
Disappointment near start
of career is common
National economy affects career
paths
Many job changes in twenties
Adjust expectations to
opportunities to advance
Effective mentors enhance
adjustment and success
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Challenges to Women’s
Career Development
Discontinuous career paths: leave for
child rearing, family care
Gender gap in salary affected by college
major choice
Low self-efficacy for male-dominated
fields
Gender stereotyping
Few mentoring opportunities
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Ethnic Minorities’
Career Development
Racial bias in workplace
remains strong
Harder to find a job
Harder to improve employability
Ethnic minority women face
combined gender and racial
discrimination
Successful women have a high
sense of self-efficacy
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Work–Family Balance
Dual-earner marriages
are common; most
have children
Role overload
Workplace supports:
time-flexible policies
Effective balancing benefits both home
and work life
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