Transcript Development Through the Lifespan

Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Chapter 14
Emotional and Social
Development in Early Adulthood
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Emerging Adulthood
 Explore alternatives in:
 Education
 Work
 Personal values and behavior
 Routes to adult responsibility
vary in:
 Timing
 Order
 Develop a more complex selfconcept
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Identity Development in
Emerging Adulthood
 Explore in breadth and depth
 Depth: higher in self-esteem, wellbeing, adjustment
 Too much breadth: poor
adjustment, anxiety, depression,
deviant behavior
 Dual-cycle model
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 Fluctuating between making new
commitments and evaluating old
ones
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Religion in
Emerging Adulthood
 Religious practice falls in late teens and
twenties: 1 in 4 U.S. 18- to 29-year-olds
unaffiliated with a particular faith
 Religion remains more important to U.S.
young people than in other developed
nations
 Many construct individualized faith,
weaving together diverse traditions
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Religiosity Among Cohorts of
U.S. 18- to 29-Year-Olds
Figure 14.1
(Adapted from Pew
Forum on Religion and
Public Life, 2010.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Worldview in
Emerging Adulthood
 “Generation me” controversy:
 Is there increased narcissism and
materialism?
 Cohort evidence
questions these claims
 Involvement in
volunteerism,
community service
 Voter turnout
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Cultural Change, Cultural Variation,
and Emerging Adulthood
 Cultural change
 Entry-level positions require more education
 Wealth, longevity free young people from
immediate entry to work force
 Emerging adulthood largely limited to:
 Middle- and high SES in industrialized nations
 Wealthy, privileged few in developing countries
 Some researchers question whether
emerging adulthood is a distinct period
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Fostering Success in
Emerging Adulthood
 Resilience

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
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Cognitive attributes
Emotional attributes
Social attributes
Social support
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Erikson’s Theory:
Intimacy versus Isolation
Intimacy
Isolation
 Making a permanent  Loneliness, selfcommitment to
absorption
intimate partner
 State of searching
 Redefining identity
 Secure identity
associated with
fidelity
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Levinson’s Seasons of Life
 Early adult transition
 Dream
 Women have “split dreams”
 Mentor
 “Age-30 transition”
 Men “settle down”
 Women remain unsettled
 Occupational or
relationship commitments
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Vailiant’s Adaptation
to Life in Men
20s
Intimacy concerns
30s
Career consolidation
40s
Generativity
50s and 60s
70s
“Keepers of meaning”
Spirituality and reflection
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
The Social Clock
 Age-graded expectations
for life events
 Less rigid than in earlier
generations
 Following a social clock
lends confidence,
contributes to social
stability
 Distress if not following or
falling behind
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Selecting a Mate
 Most select partners similar to
themselves
 Gender differences:
 Women: intelligence, ambition,
financial status, and moral character
 Men: attractiveness and domestic
skills
 Evolutionary perspective
 Social learning view
 Higher value placed on attributes
that contribute to relationship
satisfaction
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Childhood Attachment Patterns
and Adult Romantic Relationships
Attachment
History
Working Model
Comfortable with
intimacy; unafraid of
abandonment
Secure
Adult Relationships
Trust, happiness,
friendship
Avoidant
Emphasize
Jealousy, emotional
independence, mistrust, distance, little physical
anxiety about closeness pleasure, unrealistic
beliefs
Resistant
Seek quick love,
complete merging
Jealousy, desperation,
emotional highs and lows
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Triangular Theory of Love
 Intimacy: warm, tender concern
 Passionate love: sexual attraction
 Companionate love: affection and
caregiving
 Passionate love early,
companionate love later
 Passion gradually fades, while
intimacy and commitment
strengthen
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Friendships in
Early Adulthood
 Friends
 Are usually similar in age,
sex, SES, interests
 Enhance self-esteem, make
life more interesting
 Trust, intimacy, loyalty
continue to be important
 Contributions of
social media
 Siblings as friends
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Gender and Friendship
Same-Sex Friendships
Other-Sex Friendships
 Gender differences: women’s  Fewer than same-sex
more intimate
friendships
 Individual differences: longer  Educated, employed women
friendships more intimate
have largest number
 Benefits to both genders:
 Men: opportunity for emotional
expressiveness
 Women: objective points
of view
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Family Life Cycle
 Early adulthood:
 Leaving home
 Joining of families in marriage
 Parenthood
 Middle adulthood:
 Launching children
 Late adulthood:
 Retirement
 Death of spouse
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Leaving Home
 Average age of leaving increased over
last 50 years
 Financial dependence is a factor
 More than 50% leave, then return briefly
 Culture, SES, ethnicity affect ability to
leave, interest in leaving
 Parents highly committed to helping
young people move into adult roles
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Trends in Marriage
 Marrying later
 70% marry at least once
 Fewer marriages
 Staying single,
cohabiting, not
remarrying after divorce
 Trend toward
legalization of
same-sex marriage
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Traditional and
Egalitarian Marriages
Traditional
Egalitarian
 Clear division of roles
 Partners as equals
 Share power, authority
 Woman: cares for
 Balance in attention to jobs,
husband, children, home
children, home, spouse
 Man: head of household;
 Most well-educated women
responsible for
expect this form of marriage
economic well-being
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Gender and Housework Hours
Figure 14.2
(From L. P. Cooke, 2010, “The Politics of Housework,” in J. Treas
& S. Drobnic, [Eds.], Dividing the Domestic: Men, Women, and
Household Work in Cross‐National Perspective, p. 70. Copyright ©
2010 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Jr. University.
Adapted with the permission of Stanford University Press,
www.sup.org.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Factors Related to
Marital Satisfaction
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Family backgrounds
Age at marriage
Timing of first pregnancy
Relationship to extended family
Marital patterns in extended family
Financial and employment status
Family responsibilities
Personality characteristics
Positive biases of partner’s attributes
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Partner Abuse
 Committed by both men and women, but
women more likely to be seriously injured
 Violence–remorse cycles common, related to:

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Personality
Developmental history
Family circumstances
Culture
 Existing treatments not very effective; need
whole-family approach, services for men
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Assaults by Intimate
Partners Against Women
Figure 14.3
(From Kaya & Cook, 2010; World Health Organization, 2000, 2005.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Trends in Having Children
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 In United States,
fewer married
couples have
children (70%)
 Delay having
first child
 Decline in family
size: U.S. average
of 2.1 children
per woman
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Decision to Have Children
Advantages
Disadvantages
 Warmth, affection
 Stimulation, fun
 Growth, learning
experiences
 Carry on legacy
 Sense of
accomplishment




Loss of freedom
Role overload
Financial strain
Impinge on woman’s
career
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Transition to Parenthood
 Parental roles
 Often become more traditional with first birth
 With second birth, pull back from traditional roles
 Typically mild decline in relationship
satisfaction; sharing caregiving predicts
happiness
 Later parenthood eases transition
 Attainment of occupational goals
 More life experience
 Stronger relationship
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Parenting
 With young children:
 Effective parents work together as
coparenting team
 Challenges: few social supports, hard to find
child care
 With adolescents:
 Brings sharp changes
 Challenges: negotiation of roles, dip in
family life satisfaction
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Parent Education
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 Parenting books,
magazines,
websites
 Social networks,
media, especially
for mothers
 Classes
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Singlehood
 Increasing: 8%–10% remain single for life
 Gender differences:
 Women more likely to stay single
 More well-educated women, uneducated men
single after age 30
 Ethnic differences: African Americans single
longer
 Stressful periods:
 Late twenties
 Mid-thirties for women
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Cohabitation
 Increase in unmarried, sexually
intimate couples living together
 Preparation for marriage vs.
alternative to marriage:
 In Western Europe, cohabiters nearly
as committed as married people
 U.S. couples who cohabit before
engagement more likely to divorce
 Homosexual cohabiters report
strong relationship commitment
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Childlessness
 Involuntary
 No parenthood partner
 Infertile
 May be dissatisfied
 Voluntary
 Usually college-educated
and committed to
prestigious jobs
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 About 20% of women
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Divorce Rates
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 Stabilized since
1980s
 In United States,
about 45%
 Most common
times: first seven
years, midlife
 Young children and
adolescents involved
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Causes and Factors
in Divorce
 Ineffective problem solving
 Separate lives
 Major problems: infidelity, money
issues, substance abuse
 Background factors: age, religion, prior
divorce, family background
 SES
 Gender roles, expectations
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Consequences of Divorce
 Major change in life and self-image
 Opportunities for positive and negative outcomes
 Immediate consequences generally subside in
two years
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Disrupted social networks
Decline in social support
Increased anxiety, depression, impulsivity
Traditional women and noncustodial fathers may
have more problems
 New partner enhances life satisfaction
 More crucial for men
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Remarriage After Divorce
 Most remarry within four years of divorce
 Men sooner than women
 Vulnerable to breakup:




Too focused on practical matters
Carry over negative interaction patterns
More likely to view divorce as acceptable resolution
Stepfamily stress
 Takes three to five years to blend new family
 Education, couples/family counseling can help
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Variant Styles of Parenthood
 Stepparents
 Never-married
single parents
 Gay and
lesbian parents
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Stepparents
 Stepmothers experience more parent–
child conflict
 Stepfathers with children establish
positive bonds faster
 Relationship quality varies widely
 Higher divorce rate for remarried
couples with stepchildren
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Never-Married Single Parents
 Affects about 11% of U.S. children
 Predominantly African-American
women: reliance
on extended family
 Increased financial hardship for
low-SES women
 Paternal involvement
 Reliability of biological father
 Stepfather–stepchild relationships
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Gay and Lesbian Parents
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 20%–35% of lesbians,
5%–15% of gay men
 Children of heterosexual
past relationships, adoption,
or assisted reproduction
 Children do not differ from
peers cognitively or socially
 May build “families of choice”
 Stigma is a major concern
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Career Development
in Early Adulthood
 Disappointment near start
of career is common
 National economy affects career
paths
 Many job changes in twenties
 Adjust expectations to
opportunities to advance
 Effective mentors enhance
adjustment and success
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Challenges to Women’s
Career Development
 Discontinuous career paths: leave for
child rearing, family care
 Gender gap in salary affected by college
major choice
 Low self-efficacy for male-dominated
fields
 Gender stereotyping
 Few mentoring opportunities
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Ethnic Minorities’
Career Development
 Racial bias in workplace
remains strong
 Harder to find a job
 Harder to improve employability
 Ethnic minority women face
combined gender and racial
discrimination
 Successful women have a high
sense of self-efficacy
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Work–Family Balance
 Dual-earner marriages
are common; most
have children
 Role overload
 Workplace supports:
time-flexible policies
 Effective balancing benefits both home
and work life
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
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