Conceptions of Adolescence
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Transcript Conceptions of Adolescence
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Chapter 11
Physical and Cognitive
Development in Adolescence
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Conceptions of Adolescence
Biological perspective:
puberty
G. Stanley Hall:
storm and stress
Social perspective:
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Margaret Mead: social and cultural influences
Balanced point of view:
biological, psychological, and social influences
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Hormonal Changes in Puberty
Growth hormone and thyroxine
Boys:
androgens: testosterone
Girls:
estrogens
adrenal androgens
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Sex Differences in
Body Growth in Adolescence
Boys
Growth
spurt
starts age 12½
Girls
starts age 10
shoulders broaden
Proportions longer legs
hips broaden
gain more muscle,
aerobic efficiency
add more fat
Muscle–fat
makeup
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Sexual Maturation
Primary Sexual
Characteristics
Secondary Sexual
Characteristics
Maturation of the
reproductive organs
Girls: menarche
Boys: spermarche
Other visible parts of the
body that signal sexual
maturity
Girls: breasts
Boys: facial hair, voice
change
Both: underarm hair
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Individual Differences in
Timing of Puberty
Heredity
Nutrition, exercise
SES
Early family experiences
Secular trends
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Adolescent Brain Development
Synaptic pruning
continues
Expansion of
synaptic
connections,
myelination
Cognitive
Prefrontal cortex advances:
attention
planning
Linkages among integrating
cortical regions
information
self-regulation
strengthen
Increased
More sensitive to responsiveness to
stress
Neurotransmitter
excitatory
pleasure and
response changes
messages
novelty
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Sleep Habits in Adolescence
Still need almost as much sleep, but go
to bed later
Lack of sleep impairs executive
function:
reduced achievement
increased anxiety, depressed mood
high-risk behaviors
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Parent–Child Relationships
Rise in conflict:
has adaptive value:
psychological
distancing
different views of
adolescent readiness
for responsibility
Most conflict is
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mild
balanced by
affection, support
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Consequences of Pubertal Timing
Girls
Early
Maturing
Late
Maturing
Boys
Unpopular, withdrawn,
low in confidence
Less positive body
image
More deviant behavior
Prone to lasting
difficulties
Popular
Sociable, school
leaders
More positive body
image
Popular
Self-confident,
independent
More positive body
image
More deviant
behavior
Unpopular
Anxiety, depressed
mood
Less positive body
image
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Nutrition in Adolescence
Calorie needs increase
Poor food choices
common:
skipping breakfast
eating fast foods
Family meals associated
with healthier diet
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Eating Disorders
Anorexia
nervosa
Bulimia
nervosa
Starve self due to fear of getting fat
Equally common across SES groups
Racial/ethnic variations
Heredity, neurotransmitter abnormalities,
parenting style, and personal/cultural
factors contribute
Difficult to treat
Strict dieting, excessive exercise, and
purging
Heredity, parenting style, and
personal/cultural factors contribute
More common and easier to treat than
anorexia
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
U.S. Adolescents Reporting Ever
Having Had Sexual Intercourse
Figure 11.3
(From U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services,
2012f.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Characteristics of
Sexually Active Adolescents
Personal
Family
Peer
Educational
Early pubertal timing
Childhood impulsivity
Weak sense of personal control
Step-, single-parent, or large family
Little or no religious involvement
Weak parental monitoring, disrupted
parent–child communication
Sexually active friends and older
siblings
Alcohol, drug use
Poor school performance
Low educational goals
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Adolescent Contraceptive Use
20% of U.S. sexually
active teenagers do
not use consistently
Reasons:
social environment:
lack of meaningful
education and work
unrealistic about
consequences
sexual exploitation
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Homosexuality
Impact of heredity:
X-linked
prenatal sex hormones
birth order
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Sequence of coming out:
feeling different
(ages 6–12)
confusion (ages 11–15)
self-acceptance (end of
adolescence)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Adolescents and STDs
STD rates highest in adolescence:
especially high in United States
1 out of 5 to 6 sexually active teens
affected
AIDS most serious:
manifests 8–10 years later
often infected during adolescence
Females more easily infected
STD education improving but still
insufficient
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
U.S. Adolescent
Pregnancy Statistics
About 727,000 teen
pregnancies in most
recently reported year
12,000 younger than
age 15
1 in 4 end in abortion
87% of births to
unwed mothers
Figure 11.4
(From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
2011c.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Factors Contributing to
Adolescent Parenthood
Low parental warmth,
abuse
Repeated parental divorce
Poor school achievement
Alcohol, drug use
Antisocial behavior
Low SES
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Risks for Teenage
Mothers and Babies
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Low educational
attainment
More time as single
parent
Economic difficulties
Pregnancy and birth
complications
Weak parenting skills
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Teen Pregnancy
Prevention and Intervention
Prevention
Strategies
Intervention
Strategies
Better sex education
Skills for handling
sexual situations
Information and access
to contraceptives
Academic and social
competence
School involvement
Health care
Help staying in school
Job and lifemanagement training
Parenting instruction
Adult mentors
Affordable child care
Father support
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
U.S. Adolescent Substance Use
Have tried, by
grade 10:
cigarettes—33%
alcohol—58%
illegal drugs—37%
By end of high school:
11% smoke regularly
27% report recent
heavy drinking
25% have used highly
addictive drugs
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Substance Use versus Abuse
Experimenters
Abusers
Psychologically
healthy
Sociable
Sensation-seeking
Low SES
Family mental health
problems, substance
abuse
Child abuse
Impulsivity, hostility
Drug-taking starts
earlier
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Prevention and Treatment
Good school programs
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promote effective
parenting
teach skills to resist
peer pressure
reduce social
acceptability of drugs
Interventions to
prevent harm
Family and individual
therapy
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Piaget’s Theory:
Formal Operational Stage
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning:
problem solving based on a hypothesis,
deducing logical, testable inferences
pendulum problem
Propositional thought:
evaluating the logic of verbal
propositions without using real-world
circumstances
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Piaget’s Pendulum Problem
Figure 11.5
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Gains in Information Processing:
Executive Function
Attention
Inhibition
Strategies
Knowledge
Metacognition
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Cognitive self-regulation
Speed of thinking
Processing capacity
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Scientific Reasoning
Coordinating theory with evidence
Contributing factors:
working memory capacity
exposure to complex problems
metacognitive understanding
open-mindedness
Adolescents and adults vary widely
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Consequences of Adolescent
Cognitive Changes
Self-consciousness and self-focusing:
imaginary audience
personal fable
Idealism and criticism
Decision making:
influenced by
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immediate reward
fall back on well-learned,
intuitive judgments
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
School Transitions
in Adolescence
Grades decline with
each transition:
higher academic
standards
less supportive teaching–
learning environment
Drop in self-esteem:
additional strains increase
risk
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Problem Behaviors Across
Transition to High School
Figure 11.12
(Adapted from Roeser, Eccles, &
Freedman-Doan, 1999.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Helping Adolescents
Adjust to School Transitions
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Parent involvement,
monitoring
Close friendships
Smaller units within
schools
Same-ethnicity peers
Homeroom teacher
relationships
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Supporting
Academic Achievement
Child-rearing
practices
Peer influences
School
characteristics
Authoritative
Joint decision making
Parent involvement in education
Valuing high achievement
Warm, personal teaching
Classroom learning experiences
Opportunities to break out of low
academic tracks
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
High School
Graduation Rates
Figure 11.8
(From OECD, 2011a.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Factors Related to
Dropping Out
Low grades, low academic self-esteem
No extracurricular involvement
Family background:
uninvolved parenting style
limited parental education
Grade retention
Large, impersonal schools
General education, vocational tracks
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition Laura E. Berk
Dropout Prevention
Strategies
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Remedial instruction
Personalized counseling
High-quality vocational
training
Addressing personal
factors related to
dropout
Extracurricular
participation
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