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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Chapter 17
Physical and Cognitive
Development in Late Adulthood
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Functional Age
 Actual competence
and performance
may not match
chronological age
 No single biological
measure can predict
rate of aging
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Life Expectancy
 78.5 (76 for men; 81 for women)
Increasing in U.S. because of
 steady decline in infant mortality
 decrease in adult death rates
 Variations due to heredity, environment:




gender
SES
ethnicity
nationality
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Variations in
Healthy Life Expectancy
 Japan ranks first:
 low rates of obesity, heart disease
 favorable health-care policies
 U.S. lags behind:
 lifestyle factors
 health-care policies
 In developing nations, reduced by
 poverty, malnutrition, disease
 armed conflict
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Average
Healthy Life
Expectancy
at Birth
Figure 17.1
(From Salomon et al., 2012.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Maximum Lifespan
 Species-specific biological limit:
 oldest verified age: 122 years
 Some scientists believe upper limit
not yet reached:
 question: Should maximum lifespan be
increased?
 goal is quality, not quantity, of life
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Factors Contributing
to Long Life
 Heredity
 Environment and lifestyle:
 healthy diet, normal weight
 exercise
 low substance use
 optimistic
 toughminded, independent
 social support
 community involvement
 learning
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Quality of Life
 Activities of Daily Living (ADLs):
 basic self-care tasks
 bathing, dressing, eating
 Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
(IADLs):
 conducting business of daily life
 require some cognitive competence
 shopping, food preparation, housekeeping,
paying bills
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Aging and the
Nervous System
 Loss of brain weight accelerates in sixties
 Neurons lost, especially in
 prefrontal cortex (executive function)
 corpus callosum
 cerebellum (balance)
 glial cells
 Autonomic nervous system less efficient
 How the brain compensates:
 new fibers, neurons
 new connections
 use more parts of brain
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Visual Impairments and Aging
 Lower visual acuity
 Poor dark adaptation,
sensitivity to glare
 Decreased color, depth
perception
 Cataracts
 Macular degeneration
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Aging and Visual and
Hearing Impairments
Figure 17.2
(Adapted from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012d.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Aging Systems of the Body
 Cardiovascular/respiratory systems:
 heartbeat less forceful; slower heart rate,
blood flow
 less oxygen delivered to tissues
 vital lung capacity reduced by half
 Immune system:
 effectiveness declines
 more infectious, autoimmune diseases
 stress-related susceptibility
 Healthy diet, exercise help protect immune
response
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Sleep and Aging
 Total sleep needs remain constant
 Sleep timing changes: earlier bedtime,
earlier wakening
 Sleep difficulties:
 insomnia
 nighttime waking
 Fostering restful sleep:
 consistent bedtime, waking time
 regular exercise
 using bedroom only for sleep
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Physical Appearance
and Mobility






Skin thinner, wrinkled, spotted
Ears, nose, teeth, and hair change
Lose height and weight after age 60
Muscle strength declines
Bone strength drops
Flexibility decreases
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Adapting to Physical
Changes of Aging
 Subjective age vs. physical
age
 Effective coping strategies:
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 prevention and compensation
 sense of personal control
 problem-centered coping
 Assistive technology and
“smart-home” design
 Person–environment fit
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Stereotypes of Aging
 Assumption that deterioration is inevitable:
 leads to prejudice, discrimination
 influenced by culture
 Stereotype threat:
 increases physiological response to stress
 reduces functioning
 Aging a source of pride in some cultures
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Factors in Good Health
and Aging







Self-efficacy
Optimism
SES
Ethnicity
Sex
Nutrition
Exercise
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Nutrition in Late Adulthood
 Need extra nutrients to
 protect bones, immune
system
 prevent free radicals
 Problems with eating:
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 appetite, taste changes
 chewing, digestive changes
 shopping, cooking
 Diet high in nutrients fosters
physical, cognitive health
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Exercise in Late Adulthood
 Even sedentary older adults show gains
with endurance training
 Benefits:
 physical
 cognitive
 self-esteem
 Importance of
instilling sense
of control
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Sexuality in Late Adulthood
 Sex remains important:
 decline in frequency; fewer male partners for
women
 healthy couples: continued regular, enjoyable sex
 Continue patterns of earlier years
 Factors reducing sexual activity:
 tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs may interfere
 men with erection problems may stop all sexual
interaction
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Sexual Activity
in Older Adults
Figure 17.3
(Adapted from
Waite et al., 2009.)
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Primary and Secondary Aging
Primary (Biological)
Secondary
 Genetically influenced
declines
 Affects all members
of species
 Occurs even when
health is good
 Declines due to heredity and
environment
 Effects individualized: major
contributor to frailty
 Illnesses and disabilities:




arthritis
diabetes
unintentional injuries
mental disabilities
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Leading Causes of Death
in Late Adulthood
Figure 17.4
(Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau, 2012b.)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
 Deteriorating cartilage
in frequently used
joints
 Common, related to
wear and tear
 Autoimmune response
 Involves whole body
 Inflammation of
connective tissue
 Cartilage tissue grows:
 deformed joints
 loss of mobility
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Adult-Onset Diabetes
 Too little insulin or cells insensitive
to insulin
 Incidence rises with age as a result of
 heredity
 inactivity, abdominal fat
 Risk of long-term damage to
 circulatory system
 eyes, kidneys, nerves
 brain
 Treatment: diet, exercise, weight loss
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Accidents in Late Adulthood
Motor vehicle
 Vision problems,
slower reactions
Falls
 Vision, balance,
strength problems
 Risk of hip fracture
 Limits mobility,
social contact
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Mental Disabilities
in Late Adulthood
 Dementia: impairments of
thought and behavior that
disrupt everyday life:
 Alzheimer’s disease
 cerebrovascular dementia:
result of strokes
 Misdiagnosed or reversible
dementia:
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 depression
 medication side effects
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Alzheimer’s Disease
Incidence
 Higher with age: nearly 45% over age 85
Symptoms
 Forgetting, disorientation, personality change,
depression, motor problems, delusions,
speech problems, infections
Brain
changes
 Neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques in
cerebral cortex, synapse deterioration
 Genetic predisposition
Risk factors  High-fat diet
 Lifestyle factors
Protective
factors
 Education, active lifestyle
 Mediterranean diet
 Active social life
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Help for Caregivers
of Elders with Dementia
 Knowledge about
disease, available
resources
 Coping strategies
 Caregiving skills
 Respite
 Intervention programs
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Long-Term Care
in Late Adulthood
 More common with advanced age:
 severe disorders
 loss of support network
 Varies by SES,
ethnic group
 Alternatives:
 home care by family
 assisted living
 home-helper systems
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Selective Optimization
with Compensation
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Select
 Choose personally valued
activities, avoid others
Optimize
 Devote diminishing
resources to valued activities
Compensate
 Find creative ways to
overcome limitations
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Deliberate vs.
Automatic Memory
Deliberate
Automatic
 Episodic memory
lapses:
 Recognition easier
than recall:
 slower cognitive
processing
 poor attention to
context
 Recall declines:
 harder to remember
source of information
 temporal memory
suffers
 environmental
supports
 Implicit memory better
than explicit memory:
 depends on familiarity,
not conscious
awareness
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Associative Memory Deficit
in Late Adulthood
 Difficulty in creating
or retrieving links
between pieces
of information
 Helpful strategies:
 memory cues
 elaboration
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Factors Related
to Cognitive Change
 Modest genetic contribution
 Mentally active life: education, stimulating
leisure, community participation, flexibility
 Health status
 Retirement: both positive
and negative effects
 Distance to death:
terminal decline
 Cognitive interventions:
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ADEPT, ACTIVE
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Exploring Lifespan Development Third Edition  Laura E. Berk
Lifelong Learning
 Increased participation in continuing education:
 Road Scholar
 Osher Lifelong Learning
Institutes
 community senior centers
 Benefits:
 new ideas, skills, friends
 broader world perspective
 improved self-image
 rise in use of computers
and Internet
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