Transcript The Development of Large-area Picosecond-resolution Detectors Henry J. Frisch Enrico Fermi Institute and Argonne Natl.

The Development of Large-area
Picosecond-resolution Detectors
Henry J. Frisch
Enrico Fermi Institute and Argonne Natl. Lab.
OUTLINE
1. SOME APPLICATIONS – sub-ps to 100 ps;
25cm2 to 10,000 m2
2. GRAND CHALLENGE: Can we get from 100 ps
to 1 ps? If not, why not? (if so, 0.1 ps?? Limit?)
3. Argonne has unique world-class resources in
MSD, APS, ES, and MCS Divisions- HEP has
access to them- and they welcome it.
4. Applications revisited
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Fast Timing and TOF in HEP
Henry Frisch
Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago
Long-standing motivation- understanding the basic
forces and particles of nature- hopefully
reflecting underlying symmetries
CDF-1979
to present
Discoveries:
Top quark
B_s Mixing
Measurements:
Not light
compared to
Atlas and
CMS ( 5000
tons)
Many many
many- and
many more not
done yet
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Fast Timing and TOF in HEP

I believe that the existence of ‘flavor’- up, down,
strange, charm, bottom, and top is essential, in the
sense that if we can’t understand it in a deeper way,
we’re in the grip of initial conditions rather than
fundamental symmetries or principles.

Really a deep divide between the string
landscape
community, who are stuck with 10500 equally
possible universes, and us, who have this one
characterized by small integers and interesting
patterns. (Aside- This latter, I believe, is the future
area for Fermilab).
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Application 1 (my initial motivation)
Fast Timing and TOF in HEP
1. We (you, we_all) spend big bucks/year measuring the
3-momenta of hadrons, but can’t follow the flavorflow of quarks, the primary objects that are colliding.
Principle: measure ALL the information.
2. Quarks are distinguished by different masses- up and
down are light (MeV), strange a few 100 MeV, charm
1.7 GeV, bottom 4.5 GeV, top 170.
3. To follow the quarks- 2 direct ways- lifetime
(charm,bottom), measuring the mass (strange).
4. To measure the mass, measure p and v: (v=L/dt)
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The unexplained structure of basic
building blocks-e.g. quarks
The up and down quarks are light (few MeV), but one can trace the others
by measuring the mass of the particles containing them. Different models
of the forces and symmetries predict different processes that are
distinguishable by identifying the quarks. Hence my own interest.
Q=2/3
M~2 MeV
M=1750 MeV
M=300 MeV
M=175,000 MeV
M=4,500 MeV
Q=-1/3
M~2 MeV
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Nico Berry (nicoberry.com)
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A real CDF Top Quark Event
T-Tbar -> W+bW-bbar
Measure transit time here
(stop)
W->charm sbar
B-quark
T-quark->W+bquark
T-quark->W+bquark
B-quark
Cal. Energy
From electron
W->electron+neutrino
Fit t0 (start) from all tracks
Alan Stone
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Can11/6/2015
we follow the color flowArgonne
through
kaons,
cham, bottom? TOF!
Application 1- Collider Detector Upgrade
Charged Particle ID

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E.g- Tevatron 3rd-generation detector (combine D0 and CDF
hardcore groups); ATLAS Upgrade (true upgrade)
One example- precision measurements of the top and W masses
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MW-Mtop Plane
MW= 80.398 \pm 0.025 GeV (inc. new CDF 200pb-1)
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(March
2007)
Top = 170.9 \pm 1.8 GeV
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Application 1- Collider Detector Upgrades
Take a systematics-dominated measurement: e.g. the W mass.
Dec 1994 (12 yrs
ago)`Here Be Dragons’
Slide: remarkable
how precise one
can do at the
Tevatron
(MW,Mtop, Bs
mixing, …)- but has
taken a long timelike any other
precision
measurements
requires a learning
process of
techniques,
details, detector
upgrades….
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Application 1a- Collider Detector Upgrade
Photon Vertexing
Real data- 3 events in one beam crossing:
2 events at same place; 2 at same time
Can distinguish in the 2D space-time plane
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Application 2: Fixed-target Geometries
Particle ID and Photon Vertexing
Geometry is planar- i.e.
the event is projected onto
a detection plane. Timing
gives the path length
from the point on the
plane to the interaction.
New information for
vertexing, reconstruction
of p0 ‘s from 2 photons,
direction of long-lived
particles.
Very thin in ‘z’direction,
unlike Cherenkovcounters.
Can give a space-point
with all 3 coordinatesArgonne Alan Stone Visit
x,y 11/6/2015
and z
Thin Pb Converter
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Application 3- Neutrino Physics
Constantinos Melachrinos (Cypress)
(idea of Howard Nicholson)
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Example- DUSEL detector with 100% coverage and
3D photon vertex reconstruction.
Need >10,000 square meters (!) (100 ps resolution)
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Application 4- Medical Imaging (PET)
Advantages: Factor of 10 cheaper (?); depth of interaction
measurement; 375 ps resolution (H. Kim, UC)
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Application 5- Nuclear Nonproliferation
Haven’t thought about this yet- looking for interested ANL
folks. But:
1. MCP’s loaded with Boron or Gadolinium are used
as neutron detectors with good gamma separation
(Nova Scientific).
2. Large-area means could scan trucks, containers
3. Time resolution corresponds to space resolution
out of the detector plane IF one has a t_0
An area for possible applications- needs thought
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Why has 100 psec been the # for 60 yrs?
Typical path lengths for light and electrons are set by
physical dimensions of the light collection and
amplifying device.
These are now on the order of an inch. One inch is 100 psec
That’s what we measure- no surprise! (pictures from T. Credo)
Typical Light Source (With Bounces)
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Typical Detection Device (With Long Path Lengths)
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Characteristics we need
Small feature size << 300 microns
 Homogeneity (ability to make uniform
large-area- think solar-panels, floor tiles)
 Fast rise-time and/or constant signal shape
 Lifetime (rad hard in some cases)
 Intrinsic low cost: application specific (lowcost materials and simple batch fabrication)

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Our Detector Development- 3 Prongs
Readout: Transmission lines+waveform sampling
Anode is a 50-ohm stripline- can be long; readout 2 ends
CMOS sampling onto capacitors- fast, cheap, low-power
Sampling ASICs demonstrated and widely used
Go from .25micron to .13micron; 8ch/chip to 32/chip
Simulations predict 2-3 ps resolution with present rise
times, ~1 with faster MCP
MCP development
Use Atomic Layer Deposition for emissive materials
(amplification); passive substrates
Simulation of EVERYTHING as basis for design
Modern computing tools plus some amazing people
allow simulation of things- validate with data.
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Generating the signal (particles)
Incoming rel. particle
Use Cherenkov light - fast
Custom Anode with
Equal-Time Transmission
Lines + Capacitative. Return
A 2” x 2” MCPactual thickness
~3/4”
e.g. Burle
(Photonis) 85022with mods per
our work
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Collect charge here-differential
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Input to 200 GHz TDC chip
Micro-channel Plates
Currently the glass substrate has a dual function1. To provide the geometry and electric field like the
dynode chain in a PMT, and
2. To use an intrinsic lead-oxide layer for secondary
electron emission (SEE)
Micro-photograph of
Burle 25 micron
tube- Greg Sellberg
(Fermilab)~2M$/m2- not
including readout
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Get position AND time
Anode Design and Simulation(Fukun Tang)
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Transmission Line- readout both ends=> pos and time
Cover large areas with much reduced channel account.
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Photonis Planicon on Transmission Line Board
Couple 1024 pads to strip-lines with silver-loaded epoxy (Greg
Sellberg, Fermilab).
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Comparison of measurements (Ed May and JeanFrancois Genat and simulation (Fukun Tang)
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Transmission Line- simulation shows 3.5GHz
bandwidth- 100 psec rise (well-matched to MCP)
Measurements in Bld362 laser teststand match
velocity and time/space resolution very well
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Scaling Performance to Large Area
Anode Simulation(Fukun Tang)

48-inch Transmission Line- simulation shows 1.1 GHz
bandwidth- still better than present electronics.
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Proof of Principle
Camden Ertley results using ANL laser-test stand and commercial
Burle 25-micron tube- lots of photons
(note- pore size may matter less than current path!- we can do better
with ALD custom designs (transmission lines))
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Measurements in ANL laser test-stand
Jean-Francois Genat, Ed May, Eugene Yurtsev, + John Anderson, Karen
Byrum, Gary Drake, Camden Ertley, Tyler Natoli Bob Wagner
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ANL Test-stand
Measurements
Jean-Francois Genat, Ed May, Eugene Yurtsev
Sample both ends of transmission line
with Photonis MCP (not optimum)
2 ps; 100 microns measured
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Large-area Micro-Channel Plate
Panel “Cartoon”
N.B.- this is a `cartoon’- working
on workable designs-
Front Window and Radiator
Photocathode
Pump Gap
Low Emissivity
Material
High Emissivity
Material
`Normal’ MCP
pore material
Gold Anode
50 Ohm
Transmission Line
Rogers
PC Card
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Capacitive Pickup to Sampling Readout
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Cartoon of a `frugal’ MCP

Put all ingredients
together- flat glass case
(think TV’s),
capillary/ALD
amplification,
transmission line
anodes, waveform
sampling
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Mechanical Assembly sketch
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Rich Northrop, Bob
Stanek, HF, Michael
Minot
Scalable in modules
Based on Ossy’s
Planicon overall
design
Strong industry
involvement: Incom,
CPS Technologies,
MinoTek- adding
others
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Can dial size for occupancy,
resolution- e.g. neutrinos 4’by 2’
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Plans to Implement This
Have formed a
collaboration to do
this in 3 years. 4
National Labs, 5
Divisions at Argonne,
3 companies,
electronics expertise
at UC and Hawaii
R&D- not for sure,
but we see no showstoppers
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Passive Substrates-1

Self-assembled material- AAO (Anodic Aluminum
Oxide)- Hau Wang (MSD)
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More CNM capabilities-
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Hau Wang-MSD
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Passive Substrates-2
Incom glass capillary substrate

New technologyuse Atomic
Layer Deposition
to `functionalize
an inert
substratecheaper, more
robust, and can
even stripe to
make dynode
structures (?)
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Functionalization- ALD

Jeff Elam, Thomas Prolier, Joe Libera (ESD)
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Functionalization- ALD
Jeff
Elam, Thomas Prolier, Joe Libera (ESD)
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MCP Simulation

Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
(Muons,Inc)
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MCP Simulation
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Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
(Muons,Inc)
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MCP Simulation

Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
(Muons,Inc)
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MCP Simulation

Zeke Insepov (MCSD) and Valentin Ivanov
(Muons,Inc)
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Nano-structured Photocathode
Development
Bernhard Adams, Klaus Attenkofer (APS); Mike Pellin, Thomas
Prolier, Igor Veryovkin, Alex Zinovev (MSD); Jeff Elam (ES)
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Nano-structured Photocathode
Development
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Nano-structured Photocathode
Development
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Systematic Precise Characterization of
SEE and PE for materials
Mike Pellin, Thomas Prolier, Igor Veryovkin, Alex
Zinovev (MSD)
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Systematic Precise Characterization
of SEE and PE for materials
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Photocathode DevelopmentTest setup at APS laser
Bernhard Adams, Klaus Attenkofer, (APS), Matt
Wetstein (HEP)
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Measurements of transmission-line
anode in vacuum with photo-cathode and
APS laser
Bernhard Adams, Klaus Attenkofer, (APS), Matt Wetstein (HEP)
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Front-end Electronics/Readout
Waveform sampling ASIC
First have to understand
signal and noise in the
frequency domain
EFI Electronics Development
Group: Jean-Francois Genat
(Group Leader)
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Front-end Electronics/Readout
Waveform sampling ASIC
EFI Electronics
Development
Group: H.
Grabas, J.F.
Genat

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Varner, Ritt, DeLanges, and Breton have pioneered waveform–
sampling onto an array of CMOS capacitors
Alan Stone(Hawaii
Visit
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11/6/2015
All
these expert groups areArgonne
involved
formally)
Front-end Electronics/Readout
Waveform sampling ASIC
Herve’ Grabas
EFI Electronics
Development Group:
Herve’. Grabas, J.F. Genat
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FY-08 Funds –Chicago
Anode Design and Simulation
(Fukun Tang)
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Front-end Electronics
Resolution depends
on 3 parameters:
1. Number of PE’s
2. Analog
Bandwidth
3. Signal-to-Noise

Wave-form sampling does well- CMOS (!)
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Front-end Electronics

Wave-form sampling does well: - esp at large Npe
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Front-end Electronics-II
See J-F Genat, G. Varner, F. Tang, and HF
arXiv: 0810.5590v1 (Oct. 2008)- to be published in
Nucl. Instr. Meth.
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Status
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We have submitted the proposal to DOE; it’s
out to 5 reviewers (wish us luck).
We are going ahead in the meantime due to
support from the Director and Mike Pellin and
Harry Weerts- I’m amazed by Argonne’s
strength and creativity and facilities!
We have a blog and a web page- feel free to
look- http://hep.uchicago.edu/psec (don’t be
bullied by the blog).
So far no show-stoppers…
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The End-
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BACKUP
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What would TOF<10psec do for you?

(disclaimer- I know next to nothing about
LHCb, b-physics, or the Collab. goals..- I’m
making this up….needs work- would be
delighted to see someone pick this up.)
1. If you can stand a little active material in front of your em calorimeter,
convert photons- 10 psec is 3mm IN THE DIRECTION of the photon
flight path- can vertex photons. Do pizeros, etas, KL and KS, …
2. This allows all neutral signature mass reconstruction- new channels.
e.g. the CP asymmetry in BS->p K0 (J.Rosner suggestion)
3. Eta’s in general are nice: e.g. BS->J/psi eta (again, J.R.)
4. With two planes and time maybe get to 1 psec,=300 microns along flight
path- can one vertex from timing?
5. Searches for rare heavy long-lived things (other than b’s)- need
redundancy.
6. May help with pileup- sorting out vertices.
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`Photo-multiplier in a Pore’
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Idea is to build a PMT structure inside each pore- have
a defined dynode chain of rings of material with high
secondary emissivity so that the start of the shower has
a controlled geometry (and hence small TTS)
One problem is readout- how do you cover a large area
and preserve the good timing?
Proposed solution- build anode into pores, capacitively
couple into transmission lines to preserve pulse shape.
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Jerry’s #’s re-visited : Solutions to get to
<several psec resolution.
1.
TTS: 3.8 psec (from a TTS of 27 psec)
MCP development- reduce TTS- smaller pores, smaller gaps,
filter chromaticity, ANL atomic-deposition dynodes and
anodes.
2.
Cos(theta)_cherenk 3.3 psec
Same shape- spatial distribution (e.g. strips and timedifferences measure spot)
3. Pad size 0.75 psec-
Transmission-line readout and shape reconstruction
4. Electronics 3.4 psec –
fast sampling- should be able to get < 2 psec
(extrapolation of simulation to faster pulses)
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