Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 11 Emotions, Stress, and Health Emotion a response of the whole organism involves... physiological arousal expressive behaviors (Actions) conscious experience.
Download ReportTranscript Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 11 Emotions, Stress, and Health Emotion a response of the whole organism involves... physiological arousal expressive behaviors (Actions) conscious experience.
Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 11 Emotions, Stress, and Health Emotion a response of the whole organism involves... physiological arousal expressive behaviors (Actions) conscious experience Theories of Emotion Physiological activation Appraisal Emotional response Event Expressive behavior Subjective experience Emotional Arousal Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract Decreases SALIVATION Increases Perspires SKIN Dries Increases RESPIRATION Decreases Accelerates HEART Slows Inhibits DIGESTION Activates Secrete stress hormones ADRENAL GLANDS Decreases secretion of stress hormones Arousal and Performance Performance Performance level Difficult tasks Low peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks Easy tasks Arousal High Lie Detectors Polygraph measures several arousal responses that accompany emotion perspiration heart rate blood pressure breathing changes EmotionLie Detectors Respiration Perspiration Heart rate Control Relevant question question (a) Control question Relevant question (b) EmotionLie Detectors Percentage 50 Innocents 80 70 50 Thieves 60 50 1/3 of innocent declared 40 guilty 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984) 30 20 10 0 Innocent people Guilty people Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph Lie Detection? In a group answer the following… Is there a place for the use of polygraph devices? Benefits? Drawbacks? What might be a better option? Choose one person to record brief notes for the group and one person to report a summary of the discussion Expressing Emotion Gender and expressiveness 16 Number of expressions 14 Women Men 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Sad Happy Film Type Scary Expressing Emotion Smiles can show different emotions: a) Mask anger (a) (b) b) Overly polite c) Soften criticism d) Reluctant compliance (c) (d) Expressing Emotion Culturally universal expressions Expressing Emotion Activation of “sad face” muscles makes subject feel sadder (from Larsen, et al., 1992). Spotting a fake/real smile… http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys /smiles/index.shtml Experiencing Emotion Catharsis emotional release catharsis hypothesis Experiencing Emotion Subjective Well-Being self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life How happy are you? (handout) Figure 11.15 The changing materialism of entering college students Myers: Exploring Psychology, Seventh Edition Copyright © 2008 by Worth Publishers Figure 11.16 Does money buy happiness? Myers: Exploring Psychology, Seventh Edition Copyright © 2008 by Worth Publishers Experiencing Emotion Values and life satisfaction 0.6 Importance scores 0.4 Money Love 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Life satisfaction 6.00 7.00 Experiencing Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level volume of sound level of income defined by our prior experience Relative Deprivation perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself Experiencing Emotion Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Age Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Education levels Have work and leisure that engage their skills Parenthood (having children or not) Have a meaningful religious faith Physical attractiveness Sleep well and exercise How do we find happiness? The Path to Happiness (worksheet) Improving mood and life satisfaction Set goals with daily aims Act happy Exercise Sleep Nurture close relationships Help those in need Gratitude journal What is Stress? Stress the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors The rate of wear & tear on the body What is Stress? Appraisal Response Threat (“Yikes! This is beyond me!”) Panic, freeze up Challenge (“I’ve got to apply all I know”) Aroused, focused Stressful event (tough math test) What is Stress? The body’s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in General Adaptation Syndrome Selye’s concept of the Stress resistance body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages Stressor occurs Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources) Phase 2 Resistance (cope with stressor) Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted) What is Stress? Coronary Heart Disease leading cause of death in the U.S. Stress & Coronary Heart Disease Hopelessness scores 3.5 3 Men who feel extreme hopelessness are at greater risk for heart attacks and early death 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Heart attack Low risk Death Moderate risk High risk Stress & Coronary Heart Disease Type A competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people Type B easygoing, relaxed people Criticism serious limitations of original study overly simplistic some feel it is obsolete Promoting Health Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks Percentage 6 of patients with recurrent 5 heart attacks (cumulative 4 average) 3 Control patients Modifying life-style reduced recurrent heart attacks 2 Life-style modification patients 1 0 1978 1979 1980 Year 1981 1982 Stress and Disease Psychosomatic Illness “mind-body” illness any stress-related physical illness distinct from hypochondriasis Promoting Health Depression 14 score 13 Aerobic Exercise No-treatment group 12 11 10 Relaxation treatment group 9 8 7 6 Aerobic exercise group 5 4 3 Before treatment evaluation After treatment evaluation sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness may also alleviate depression and anxiety Life events Personal appraisal Challenge Threat Personality type Hostile Depressed Pessimistic Easygoing Nondepressed Optimistic Personality habits Smoking Sedentary Poor nutrition Nonsmoking Regular exercise Good nutrition Level of social support Close, enduring Lacking Tendency toward Health Illness Promoting Health The religion factor is mulitidimensional Healthy behaviors (less smoking, drinking) Religious involvement Social support (faith communities, marriage) Positive emotions (less stress, anxiety) Better health (less immune system suppression, stress hormones, and suicide)