Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 11 Emotions, Stress, and Health Emotion a response of the whole organism involves... physiological arousal expressive behaviors (Actions) conscious experience.
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Transcript Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 11 Emotions, Stress, and Health Emotion a response of the whole organism involves... physiological arousal expressive behaviors (Actions) conscious experience.
Myers’ EXPLORING
PSYCHOLOGY
(5th Ed)
Chapter 11
Emotions, Stress, and
Health
Emotion
a response of the whole
organism
involves...
physiological arousal
expressive behaviors (Actions)
conscious experience
Theories of Emotion
Physiological
activation
Appraisal
Emotional
response
Event
Expressive
behavior
Subjective
experience
Emotional Arousal
Autonomic nervous system controls
physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupils dilate
EYES
Pupils contract
Decreases
SALIVATION
Increases
Perspires
SKIN
Dries
Increases
RESPIRATION
Decreases
Accelerates
HEART
Slows
Inhibits
DIGESTION
Activates
Secrete stress
hormones
ADRENAL
GLANDS
Decreases
secretion of
stress
hormones
Arousal and Performance
Performance
Performance
level
Difficult tasks
Low
peaks at lower
levels of arousal
for difficult tasks,
and at higher
levels for easy or
well-learned
tasks
Easy tasks
Arousal
High
Lie Detectors
Polygraph
measures several arousal responses that accompany
emotion
perspiration
heart rate
blood pressure
breathing changes
EmotionLie Detectors
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate
Control Relevant
question question
(a)
Control
question
Relevant
question
(b)
EmotionLie Detectors
Percentage
50 Innocents
80
70
50 Thieves
60
50
1/3 of innocent declared
40
guilty
1/4 of guilty declared
innocent (from
Kleinmuntz & Szucko,
1984)
30
20
10
0
Innocent
people
Guilty
people
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph
Lie Detection?
In a group answer the following…
Is there a place for the use of polygraph devices?
Benefits? Drawbacks?
What might be a better option?
Choose one person to record brief notes for the group
and one person to report a summary of the discussion
Expressing Emotion
Gender and expressiveness
16
Number
of
expressions
14
Women
Men
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Sad
Happy
Film Type
Scary
Expressing Emotion
Smiles can
show different
emotions:
a) Mask anger
(a)
(b)
b) Overly polite
c) Soften
criticism
d) Reluctant
compliance
(c)
(d)
Expressing Emotion
Culturally universal expressions
Expressing Emotion
Activation of
“sad face”
muscles makes
subject feel
sadder (from
Larsen, et al.,
1992).
Spotting a fake/real smile…
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/surveys
/smiles/index.shtml
Experiencing Emotion
Catharsis
emotional release
catharsis hypothesis
Experiencing Emotion
Subjective Well-Being
self-perceived happiness or
satisfaction with life
How happy are you? (handout)
Figure 11.15 The changing materialism of entering college students
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Seventh Edition
Copyright © 2008 by Worth Publishers
Figure 11.16 Does money buy happiness?
Myers: Exploring Psychology, Seventh Edition
Copyright © 2008 by Worth Publishers
Experiencing Emotion
Values and life satisfaction
0.6
Importance
scores
0.4
Money
Love
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Life satisfaction
6.00
7.00
Experiencing Emotion
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level
volume of sound
level of income
defined by our prior experience
Relative Deprivation
perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom
one compares oneself
Experiencing Emotion
Researchers Have Found That
Happy People Tend to
However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Related to Other Factors, Such as
Have high self-esteem
(in individualistic countries)
Age
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Gender (women are more often
depressed, but also more often joyful)
Have close friendships or a satisfying
marriage
Education levels
Have work and leisure that engage
their skills
Parenthood (having children or not)
Have a meaningful religious faith
Physical attractiveness
Sleep well and exercise
How do we find happiness?
The Path to Happiness (worksheet)
Improving mood and life satisfaction
Set goals with daily aims
Act happy
Exercise
Sleep
Nurture close relationships
Help those in need
Gratitude journal
What is Stress?
Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain
events, called stressors
The rate of wear & tear on the body
What is Stress?
Appraisal
Response
Threat
(“Yikes! This is
beyond me!”)
Panic, freeze up
Challenge
(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Aroused, focused
Stressful event
(tough math test)
What is Stress?
The body’s resistance to stress can last
only so long before exhaustion sets in
General Adaptation
Syndrome
Selye’s concept of the
Stress
resistance
body’s adaptive
response to stress in
three stages
Stressor
occurs
Phase 1
Alarm
reaction
(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2
Resistance
(cope with
stressor)
Phase 3
Exhaustion
(reserves
depleted)
What is Stress?
Coronary Heart Disease
leading cause of death in the U.S.
Stress & Coronary Heart
Disease
Hopelessness
scores
3.5
3
Men who feel extreme hopelessness
are at greater risk for heart attacks
and early death
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Heart attack
Low risk
Death
Moderate risk
High risk
Stress & Coronary Heart
Disease
Type A
competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally
aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B
easygoing, relaxed people
Criticism
serious limitations of original study
overly simplistic
some feel it is obsolete
Promoting Health
Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of
heart attacks
Percentage 6
of patients
with recurrent 5
heart attacks
(cumulative 4
average)
3
Control patients
Modifying life-style
reduced recurrent
heart attacks
2
Life-style modification patients
1
0
1978
1979
1980
Year
1981
1982
Stress and Disease
Psychosomatic Illness
“mind-body” illness
any stress-related physical illness
distinct from hypochondriasis
Promoting Health
Depression 14
score 13
Aerobic Exercise
No-treatment
group
12
11
10
Relaxation
treatment
group
9
8
7
6
Aerobic
exercise
group
5
4
3
Before treatment
evaluation
After treatment
evaluation
sustained exercise that
increases heart and
lung fitness
may also alleviate
depression and anxiety
Life events
Personal appraisal
Challenge
Threat
Personality type
Hostile
Depressed
Pessimistic
Easygoing
Nondepressed
Optimistic
Personality habits
Smoking
Sedentary
Poor nutrition
Nonsmoking
Regular exercise
Good nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring
Lacking
Tendency toward
Health
Illness
Promoting Health
The religion factor is mulitidimensional
Healthy
behaviors
(less smoking,
drinking)
Religious
involvement
Social support
(faith
communities,
marriage)
Positive
emotions
(less stress,
anxiety)
Better health
(less immune system
suppression, stress
hormones, and suicide)