Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 13 Emotion James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers # 1 James-Lange Theory of Emotion Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses.
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Transcript Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 13 Emotion James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers # 1 James-Lange Theory of Emotion Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses.
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(6th Ed)
Chapter 13
Emotion
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers
# 1 James-Lange
Theory of Emotion
Experience of emotion is awareness of
physiological responses to emotion-arousing
stimuli
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
#2 Cannon-Bard
Theory of Emotion
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)
Emotion-arousing
stimuli simultaneously
trigger:
physiological
responses
subjective experience
of emotion
# 3 Schachter’s Two
Factor Theory of Emotion
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
To experience
emotion one
Fear
(emotion)
must:
be physically
aroused
cognitively
label the
arousal
# 4 Lazurus Concept
of Appraisal
Physiological
activation
Appraisal
Emotional
response
Event
Expressive
behavior
Subjective
experience
# 5 Zajonc’s Cognition and
Emotion
The brain’s shortcut for emotions
Emotion
Emotion
a response of the
whole organism
physiological arousal
expressive behaviors
conscious experience
Two Dimensions of
Emotion
Positive
valence
Low
arousal
pleasant
relaxation
joy
sadness
fear
anger
High
arousal
Negative
valence
Emotional Arousal
Autonomic nervous system controls
physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupils dilate
EYES
Pupils contract
Decreases
SALIVATION
Increases
Perspires
SKIN
Dries
Increases
RESPIRATION
Decreases
Accelerates
HEART
Slows
Inhibits
DIGESTION
Activates
Secrete stress
hormones
ADRENAL
GLANDS
Decreases
secretion of
stress
hormones
Arousal and
Performance
Performance
level
Difficult tasks
Low
Easy tasks
Arousal
High
Performance
peaks at
lower levels
of arousal for
difficult tasks,
and at higher
levels for
easy or welllearned tasks
EmotionLie Detectors
Polygraph
machine commonly used in attempts to
detect lies
measures several of the physiological
responses accompanying emotion
perspiration
heart rate
blood pressure
breathing changes
Emotion- A Polygraph
Examination
Emotion- Lie Detectors
Control Question
Up to age 18, did you ever
physically harm anyone?
Relevant Question
Did the deceased threaten to harm
you in any way?
Relevant > Control --> Lie
EmotionLie Detectors
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate
Control Relevant
question question
(a)
Control
question
Relevant
question
(b)
EmotionLie Detectors
50 Innocents
50 Theives
Percentage
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Innocent
people
Guilty
people
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph
1/3 of innocent
declared guilty
1/4 of guilty
declared
innocent (from
Kleinmuntz &
Szucko, 1984)
EmotionLie Detectors
Is 70% accuracy good?
Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually
guilty
test all employees
285 will be wrongly accused
What about 95% accuracy?
Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty
test all employees (including 999 innocents)
50 wrongly declared guilty
1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2%)
Expressing Emotion
Gender and expressiveness
16
Number
of
expressions
14
Women
Men
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Sad
Happy
Film Type
Scary
Expressing Emotion
Smiles can show
different
emotions:
A) Mask anger
B) Overly polite
C) Soften
criticism
D) Reluctant
compliance
Expressing Emotion
Culturally universal expressions
Experiencing Emotion
The Amygdalaa neural key to
fear learning
Experiencing Emotion
Catharsis
emotional release
catharsis hypothesis
“releasing” aggressive energy (through
action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when
already in a good mood
Experiencing Emotion
Subjective Well-Being
self-perceived happiness or
satisfaction with life
used along with measures of
objective well-being
physical and economic
indicators to evaluate people’s
quality of life
Experiencing Emotion
Are today’s collegians materialistic?
Percentage
rating goal
as very
important
or
essential
90
Being very well-off financially
80
70
60
50
40
30
Developing a meaningful life philosophy
20
10
0
1966 ‘68
‘70
‘72
‘74
‘76
‘78
‘80
‘82
Year
‘84
‘86
‘88
‘90
‘92
‘94 ‘96
Experiencing Emotion
Does money buy happiness?
Average
per-person
after-tax income
in 1995 dollars
$20,000
$19,000
$18,000
100%
$17,000
90%
$16,000
$15,000
80%
$14,000
70%
$13,000
Personal income
$12,000
60%
$11,000
50%
$10,000
Percentage very happy 40%
$9,000
30%
$8,000
$7,000
20%
$6,000
10%
$5,000
0%
$4,000
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Percentage
describing
themselves as
very happy
Experiencing Emotion
Values and life satisfaction
0.6
Importance
scores
0.4
Money
Love
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Life satisfaction
6.00
7.00
Experiencing Emotion
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
tendency to form judgements relative to a
“neutral” level
brightness of lights
volume of sound
level of income
defined by our prior experience
Relative Deprivation
perception that one is worse off relative to
those with whom one compares oneself
Opponent-Process
Theory of Emotion
Strong
Strong
Neutral
Neutral
Strong
Strong
First experience
(a)
After repeated experiences
(b)
Happiness is...
Researchers Have Found That
Happy People Tend to
However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Related to Other Factors, Such as
Have high self-esteem
(in individualistic countries)
Age
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Gender (women are more often
depressed, but also more often joyful)
Have close friendships or a satisfying
marriage
Education levels
Have work and leisure that engage
their skills
Parenthood (having children or not)
Have a meaningful religious faith
Physical attractiveness
Sleep well and exercise