Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 13 Emotion James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers # 1 James-Lange Theory of Emotion Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses.
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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 13 Emotion James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers # 1 James-Lange Theory of Emotion Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) #2 Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological responses subjective experience of emotion # 3 Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Cognitive label “I’m afraid” To experience emotion one Fear (emotion) must: be physically aroused cognitively label the arousal # 4 Lazurus Concept of Appraisal Physiological activation Appraisal Emotional response Event Expressive behavior Subjective experience # 5 Zajonc’s Cognition and Emotion The brain’s shortcut for emotions Emotion Emotion a response of the whole organism physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experience Two Dimensions of Emotion Positive valence Low arousal pleasant relaxation joy sadness fear anger High arousal Negative valence Emotional Arousal Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract Decreases SALIVATION Increases Perspires SKIN Dries Increases RESPIRATION Decreases Accelerates HEART Slows Inhibits DIGESTION Activates Secrete stress hormones ADRENAL GLANDS Decreases secretion of stress hormones Arousal and Performance Performance level Difficult tasks Low Easy tasks Arousal High Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or welllearned tasks EmotionLie Detectors Polygraph machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion perspiration heart rate blood pressure breathing changes Emotion- A Polygraph Examination Emotion- Lie Detectors Control Question Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? Relevant Question Did the deceased threaten to harm you in any way? Relevant > Control --> Lie EmotionLie Detectors Respiration Perspiration Heart rate Control Relevant question question (a) Control question Relevant question (b) EmotionLie Detectors 50 Innocents 50 Theives Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Innocent people Guilty people Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph 1/3 of innocent declared guilty 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984) EmotionLie Detectors Is 70% accuracy good? Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees 285 will be wrongly accused What about 95% accuracy? Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees (including 999 innocents) 50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2%) Expressing Emotion Gender and expressiveness 16 Number of expressions 14 Women Men 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Sad Happy Film Type Scary Expressing Emotion Smiles can show different emotions: A) Mask anger B) Overly polite C) Soften criticism D) Reluctant compliance Expressing Emotion Culturally universal expressions Experiencing Emotion The Amygdalaa neural key to fear learning Experiencing Emotion Catharsis emotional release catharsis hypothesis “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood Experiencing Emotion Subjective Well-Being self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life used along with measures of objective well-being physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life Experiencing Emotion Are today’s collegians materialistic? Percentage rating goal as very important or essential 90 Being very well-off financially 80 70 60 50 40 30 Developing a meaningful life philosophy 20 10 0 1966 ‘68 ‘70 ‘72 ‘74 ‘76 ‘78 ‘80 ‘82 Year ‘84 ‘86 ‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 Experiencing Emotion Does money buy happiness? Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 100% $17,000 90% $16,000 $15,000 80% $14,000 70% $13,000 Personal income $12,000 60% $11,000 50% $10,000 Percentage very happy 40% $9,000 30% $8,000 $7,000 20% $6,000 10% $5,000 0% $4,000 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Percentage describing themselves as very happy Experiencing Emotion Values and life satisfaction 0.6 Importance scores 0.4 Money Love 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Life satisfaction 6.00 7.00 Experiencing Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon tendency to form judgements relative to a “neutral” level brightness of lights volume of sound level of income defined by our prior experience Relative Deprivation perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion Strong Strong Neutral Neutral Strong Strong First experience (a) After repeated experiences (b) Happiness is... Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Age Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Education levels Have work and leisure that engage their skills Parenthood (having children or not) Have a meaningful religious faith Physical attractiveness Sleep well and exercise