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Motivation Ch 9
PSY 1000
Motivation
Process by which activities are started, directed, and
continued
Meets our physical and psychological needs or wants
Types of Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Perform and action that leads to an outcome outside of self
Work for money
Decreases creativity
Intrinsic Motivation
Perform an action because the act
itself is rewarding or satisfying
Good grades to feel proud
Physical challenges
Becomes ours
Approaches to Motivation
Instinct
Biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior
William McDougall proposed 18 instincts for humans
Frued Psychoanalytical Theory
Flight, running away
Aggressiveness
Gathering possessions
Concepts of instincts reside in the id, basic human needs and drives
This theory has faded since it is able to describe the behavior
but not explain it
Approaches to Motivation
Drive Reduction
Behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal
drive to satisfy need and reduce tension
Primary Drive
Acquired (secondary) Drive
Learned through experience or conditioning
Money
Social approval
Homeostasis
Survival needs of the body such as hunger, thirst
Body is in a state of imbalance
Body maintains a steady state
Does not explain all human behavior
Approaches to Motivation
Arousal
The need for stimulation
Curiosity, playing, exploration
People have an optimal level of tension
Some tasks may have a high level of arousal
Anxiety over a test
Nervous over a first date
Maintaining an optimal level may require increasing or decreasing
tension
Sensation Seekers
Need more complex and varied sensory experiences than do others
Approaches to Motivation
Incentive
Things that attract or lure people into action
External stimulus and its rewarding properties
No need
No tension
Expectancy-value Theories
Actions of humans cannot be fully understood without understanding
the persons beliefs and values
Approaches to Motivation
Humanistic
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Several level of needs to fulfill before a person achieves the highest
level of personality fulfillment
Self-actualization the highest level
Person is fully satisfied with all the lower levels in their lives
Seldom reached
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Many management programs are based on this model
Issues
No concrete research or study
Based on Maslow’s observations
Studies of Americans
Cross cultural needs /order of needs may differ
Self Determination Theory
Self-Determination theory
Three inborn and universal needs
Help a person gain a complete sense of self and healthy relationships
with others
Autonomy
1.
1.
Need to be in control of one’s own behavior and goals
Competence
2.
1.
Need to be able to master the challenging tasks of one’s life
Relatedness
3.
1.
Need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in
relationships with others
Emotions
Feeling aspect of
consciousness
Physiology of Emotions
When experiencing an emotion
Arousal is created by the sympathetic nervous system
Many emotions have the same physiological response
Heart rate increases
Body temp changes
Behavior of Emotions
Facial expressions
Body movements
Actions
Most are culturally universal
Display rules
When the emotion is displayed
Subjective Experience: Labeling Emotions
Interpreting the feelings by giving it a label
Anger, sad, happy
Learned response influenced by their language and
culture
Goal of psychologists engaged in cross cultural research is
to understand the meaning of a persons mental and
emotional state without interpreting them incorrectly
Theories of Emotion
Original thought of emotions were
Feeling emotion
Behavior that responded to emotion
Event leads to
Arousal leads to
Interpretation or
Emotion or
Reasoning or
Cognitive labels
James-Lange Theory
Event
Arousal
Interpretation
Emotion
We will read what our body says and then label the emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
Event
Arousal
Emotion
Body responds and we label emotion at the same time
Schachter-Singer and cognitive Arousal
Event
Arousal
Cognitive Labels
Emotion
Physical arousal and the labeling must occur before the
emotion is experienced
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Event
Arousal/change of facial expression
Emotion
What our facial expression is will go to the brain and the
emotion will intensify
Emotion being expressed can cause the emotion
HAPPY
Lazarus and the Cognitive-Mediational
Theory
Event
Interpretation
Emotion
Arousal
Event causes us to interpret what is going on then we label the
emotion and our body responds