Transcript Motivation and Emotion - San Marcos Unified School District

Emotion
Theories of Emotions
Emotion are a mix of:
• Physiological activation - Physical
response
• Expressive behaviors - Behavior
• Conscious experience – Thinking and
Feelings
James-Lange Theory of
Emotion.
The
Stimulus
Physical
Reaction
Emotion
• William James and
Carl Lange completely
opposed to commonsense view.
• Proposes that
physiological activity
precedes the
emotional experience.
• The body changes
ultimately cause to
feel emotions
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
• How can that theory be true if
similar physiological changes
correspond with drastically
different emotional states.
• The physiological change
(body’s arousal) and cognitive
awareness (emotions) must
occur separately (but
simultaneously).
• Routed to the cortex and the
Sympathetic NS at the same
time by the Thalamus.
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
• Stanley Schachter and Jerome
Singer explains emotions more
completely that the other two
theories.
• They happen at the same time but…
• To experience the emotion the
person must be physically aroused
AND cognitively label the arousal.
• Biology and Cognition interact with
each other to increase the
experience.
Two Routes to Emotion
Lazarus/Schachter
Physiological
activation
Appraisal
Emotional
response
Event
Zajonc/LeDoux
Expressive
behavior
Subjective
experience
Lie Detectors
• Called a polygraph.
• Measures several of the
physiological responses
accompanying emotion:
• Perspiration
• Heart rate
• Blood pressure
• Breathing changes
Lie Detectors
50 Innocents
50 Thieves
Percentage
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Innocent
people
Guilty
people
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph
--1/3 of innocent
declared guilty
--1/4 of guilty
declared innocent
(from Kleinmuntz
& Szucko, 1984)
Lie Detectors
Is 70% accuracy good?
*Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually
guilty.
--test all employees
--285 will be wrongly accused
What about 95% accuracy?
*Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty.
--test all employees (including 999 innocents)
--50 wrongly declared guilty
--1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (2%)
Expressing Emotion
Neuroscience of Emotions
Know how emotions affect the ANS
Arousal and Performance
• Performance peaks at
Performance
lower levels of
level
arousal for difficult
tasks, and at higher
levels for easy or
well-learned tasks.
• For MOST tasks
though, you want
moderate levels of
arousal.
Difficult tasks
Low
Easy tasks
Arousal
High
Role of Neurotransmitters & Hormones
• Important Roles in Emotion:
• Low serotonin  Depression.
• High levels of Epinephrine and
Norepinephrine  Anger and Fear.
The Limbic System and Emotions
• The Amygdala is a neural
key to fear learning.
• Also involved in rage and
aggression.
• Integrates the hormonal
and neural emotional
aspects.
Role of the Cortex and Emotions
• In general…
• the right hemisphere
specializes in negative
emotions and…
• the left hemisphere
specializes in positive
emotions.
Expressed Emotion
People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one.
Expressing Emotion
Gender and expressiveness
16
Number
of
expressions
14
Women
Men
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Sad
Happy
Film Type
Scary
Expressing Emotion
• Non-verbal communication gestures, body language, facial
expressions.
• Introverts – better at reading
other’s emotions.
• Extroverts – easier to read.
Culture and Emotional Expression
• Gestures and their meaning vary from culture to culture.
• Individualist cultures show more intense and prolonged
emotions.
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwJ-wwF9XVs
Detecting and Computing Emotion
Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving
emotions. Even trained professionals like police
officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists
detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time.
Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?
Culture and Emotional Expression
When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial
expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PFqzYoKkCc
Experienced Emotion
 Infants’ naturally occurring emotions
Two Dimensions of Emotion
Positive
valence
Low
arousal
Blue = Psychological
Pink = Physiological
pleasant
relaxation
joy
sadness
fear
anger
High
arousal
Negative
valence
Anger
Anger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil, 70-19 B.C.),
but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato 234-149 B.C.).
Anger
• People generally become angry
with friends and loved ones who
commit wrongdoings, especially if
they are willful, unjustified, and
avoidable.
• People are also angered by foul
odors, high temperatures, traffic
jams, and aches and pains.
• If you’re angry at someone about
something… tell them directly.
Anger - Cultural & Gender Differences
• Boys tend to respond to anger by
moving away from that situation
or exercising, while girls talk to
their friends or listen to music.
• Anger also breeds prejudice (Like
the 9/11 attacks did).
• Individualized cultures encourage
venting; not collectivist cultures.
Fear
• Fear can be learned
through conditioning…
• as well as through
observation.
Don’t forget the Amygdala!
• The neural key to
fear learning.
• Like a guard dog, it
is continuously alert
for threats.
Happiness
People who are happy…
• perceive the world as
being safer.
• make decisions easily.
• are more cooperative.
• live healthier,
energized, and more
satisfied lives.
Predictors of Happiness
Researchers Have Found That
Happy People Tend to…
However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Related to Other Factors, Such as
Have high self-esteem
Age
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Gender (women are more often
depressed, but also more often joyful)
Have close friendships or a satisfying
marriage
Education levels
Have work and leisure that engage
their skills
Parenthood (having children or not)
Have a meaningful religious faith
Physical attractiveness
Sleep well and exercise
Experiencing Emotion
•
•
•
•
Catharsis:
Emotional release.
Catharsis hypothesis:
“Releasing” aggressive
energy (through action
or fantasy) relieves
aggressive urges.
Experiencing Emotion
• Feel-good, do-good
phenomenon:
• People’s tendency to
be helpful when
already in a good
mood.
Experiencing Emotion
• Subjective Well-Being:
• Self-perceived happiness
or satisfaction with life.
Experienced Emotion
Moods across the day
Experienced Emotion
Does money buy happiness?
Average
per-person
after-tax income
in 1995 dollars
$20,000
$19,000
$18,000
$17,000
$16,000
$15,000
$14,000
$13,000
$12,000
$11,000
$10,000
$9,000
$8,000
$7,000
$6,000
$5,000
$4,000
100% Percentage
90% describing
80% themselves as
70% very happy
Personal income
60%
50%
Percentage very happy
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970
Year
1980 1990 2000
Values & Life Satisfaction
Students who value love more than money
report higher life satisfaction.
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
• Tendency to form judgments
relative to a “neutral” level.
• If you get a raise in salary, you feel
good. But once you adjust to that
new salary level, you need another
raise to get that same feeling again.
• Success and failure are always
relative to our recent experiences.
Experiencing Emotion
• Relative Deprivation:
• Perception that one is
worse off relative to
those with whom one
compares oneself.