Transcript Chapter 8 – Memory General Psychology
General Psychology Chapter 8 – Memory
Sarah Rach
Questions to Consider
ABC… 123… What is your address?
What is your cell phone number?
Who are these people?
Can you read this?
Olny srmat poelpe can raed tihs.
I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd what I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!
Our minds are magnificent things!
Memory…
Is the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
How do we remember?
Encoding Storage Retrieval
Three stages to form memories
1. We record to-be-remembered information as
sensory memories
2.We process information into a
short-term memory
bin, where we encode it through rehearsal 3.Information moves into
long-term memory
for later retrieval
Updated model
Some info is processed directly and automatically into long-term memory, without our conscious awareness
Working memory
concentrates on the active processing of information in this stage We pay attention to that which is novel or important Use it or lose it
How much effort???
To….
Drive home Get dressed Put make up on Walk to your class Text message a friend Type an email Examples of…
Automatic Processing
We automatically process info about…
Space You are taking a test… you recall that info at the top of the first page in the chapter Time You re trace your day… and remember that at 12:30 you got home and set your cell phone down… now you can go and find it Frequency Wow, I have already ran into you three times today!
Do NOT read these words!
But it didn’t start that way…
The cat purred as he pet it.
C-A-T
Learning to read requires effortful processing
Effortful Processing
218-924-2372 Take this number to the front desk (you may not write it down!) How do you remember it???
We remember info better when…
It is distributed over time
Spacing effect
– tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Semester course vs. one month course Study a little each day
NO Cramming!
Check out this list….
dog cat horse pig cow donkey chicken bull kitten calf
What do you remember?
First item?
Last item?
Middle items?
Serial position effect
There are many other ways to remember information…
Make it meaningful Visual encoding Acoustic encoding Mnemonic devices Chunking Hierarchies
Back to that list…
What do you remember now???
When rehearsal isn’t enough
Paragraph on page 258 Without making it meaningful – it doesn’t mean much to us and therefore it is very difficult to remember Semantic encoding – process the info deeply by its meaning Produces better recognition than shallow processing (visual or acoustic encoding)
The amount remembered depends both on the time spent learning and on our making it meaningful.
More on Encoding…
Visual Easier to remember concrete words that we can attach visual images to Abstract, low-imagery words are much more difficult Inherent vs. baseball Two ways is better than one!
Concrete nouns – we can visualize and it has a meaning (visual and semantic) Candle
Life was so wonderful…
“Back in the day”
Rosy retrospect
– phenomenon of remembering high points while forgetting mundane times …she forgot about almost missing the plane, the humid weather, sand crabs, and the rain on 5 of the 7 days they were there…
Mnemonic Devices
Greek word for memory Every good boy deserves fudge My very elderly mother just served us nine pizzas Peg-word System
Peg-word system
One is a bun Two is a shoe Three is a tree Four is a door Five is a hive Six is sticks Seven is heaven Eight is a gate Nine is swine Ten is a hen Acoustic & Visual
Your Turn!
Shopping list for Walmart You need ten items Use the Peg-word system
Chunking
Occurs quite naturally Personally meaningful arrangements Acronyms ROY G BIV – colors of the rainbow FACE – keys on the piano HOMES – Great Lakes names
Hierarchies
Make a hierarchy… Collie Cat Tabby Siamese Dog Poodle Mammal
Outlining Material
1.
A.
B.
C.
Encoding Meaning Imagery Organization A.
Chunks B.
Hierarchies 2.
3.
Storage Retrieval
Outline the remainder of the Chapter
In groups… come up with an outline 2. Storage 3. Retrieval 4. Forgetting 5. Improving Memory
Tuesday….
On Tuesday…we will…
Finish Chapter 8 Start on Chapter 1 if time permits In the mean time… Be sure you have read all of Chapter 8 and started Chapter 1 by Tuesday Have a GREAT long weekend!