Memory - Encoding PowerPoint
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Unit 7 – Ch. 9
MEMORY - ENCODING
Chapter 9: Memory
Memory
• Memory: persistence
of learning over time
via the storage and
retrieval of
information.
• Gives us our sense of
self and connects us to
past experiences.
Vivid Memories
• Flashbulb Memories: clear
memory of an emotionally
significant event or moment.
• Usually personally meaningful
or historically significant.
• 9/11
• Birth of a child
• Graduation
• Natural disasters
Memory as Information Processing
•
Memory is similar to a computer (write to file, save to disk,
read from disk).
•
3 Basic Steps to Memory:
1. Encoding: getting information into the memory system.
• File Cabinet
• Needs to be organized
2. Storage: the retention of the encoded information over
time.
3. Retrieval: process of getting information out of the
memory system.
Three Stage Processing Model of Memory
• Stage One: The initial recording of sensory information in the memory
system is referred to as sensory memory.
• Stage Two: sensory memories are processed into short term memory
your activated memory which can only hold a minimal amount of
information.
• Stage Three: short term memories are encoded into long-term
memory, the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse from which
we retrieve.
Concept of Working Memory
• Working Memory: similar to short-term
memory but focuses more on manipulation of
information.
• Working Memory and Short-Term Memory are
both quite limited in capacity and duration.
• You can only hold so much information in your
working memory at one given time.
• Magic Number tends to be 7 +/- 2.
Process of Encoding: 2 Types
Encoding
Effortful
Automatic
Types of Encoding
• Automatic Processing
• unconscious encoding of incidental information
• space
• time
• frequency
• well-learned information
• word meanings
• we can learn automatic processing
• reading backwards
Automatic Processing: Reading Backwards
• Reading backwards requires effort at first but
after practice becomes automatic.
• .citamotua emoceb nac gnissecorp luftroffE
• Automatic processing allows us to do multiple
things at once and re-illustrates the concept of
parallel processing.
Effortful Processing
• Effortful Processing: type of encoding that requires
attention and conscious effort.
• Ex: Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing historical
events/chronology, etc.
• Encoding can be aided by maintenance rehearsal: simple
rote repetition of information in consciousness or even more
successfully by elaborate rehearsal: processing of
information for meaning which can more easily help produce
long term memories.
King of Memory Experiments is Hermann
Ebbinghaus
• Wanted to research
capacity of verbal memory.
• Looked to study to see
capacity of peoples’
memories to study strings of
non-sense syllables.
• Ex: JIH, FUB, YOX, XIR,
General Findings
• 1. Next in Line Effectdon’t concentrate/remember
when you know you are going
to have to speak next
• 2. Info right before we sleep
is not remembered
• 3. Taped info is not
remembered
Findings of Ebbinghaus
• 4. Practice makes perfect. The more
rehearsal he did on day 1, the less rehearsal
it took to learn the syllables again on day 2.
Over learning increased retention.
• 5. The Spacing Effect: the tendency for
studying over a long period of time produces
better long term retention than is achieved
through massed study or practice. SPACED
STUDYING BEATS CRAMMING!!!
Findings of Ebbinghaus
• 6. Serial Position Effect: our tendency to recall best
the last and first items in a list. Ex: Presidents
Types of Encoding
• Semantic Encoding: encoding of meaning, including the meaning of
words…
• yields best memory.
• Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sound of
words….
• usually the least effective.
• “ if
the glove doesn’t fit , you must acquit”
• Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.
• Self Reference Effect- do better on things we relate back to
ourselves
Example
• 1. Is the word in capital letters?
• Visual
• 2. Does the word rhyme with train?
• Acoustic
• 3. Would the word GUN fit in this sentence.
The girl put the ___ on the table
• Semantic
Types of Encoding
Encoding Imagery
• Imagery: creating mental pictures, helps
effortful processing especially when combined
with semantic encoding.
• Recall of events is often colored by highest
joys and lowest lows of events…usually
remember events differently than you
evaluated them at the time.
• Mneumonics: memory aids, often use vivid
imagery and organizational devices.
Organizing Information for Encoding
• Chunking
• organizing items into familiar, manageable units
• like horizontal organization- 1776149218121941
• 1776 1492 1812 1941
• Phone numbers
• often occurs automatically
• use of acronyms
• HOMES- Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
• A way to get over the 7 +/- 2 rule
Process of Chunking: Organized
Information is More Easily Remembered
Hierarchies
• Organized info. is remembered better
complex
information broken down into
broad concepts and further subdivided into
categories and subcategories
Encoding
(automatic
or effortful)
Meaning
(semantic
Encoding)
Imagery
(visual
Encoding)
Chunks
Organization
Hierarchies
Memory Demo 1
ZIN
LTD
VEX
KZF
ABC
QBJ
CUG
WCF
CXK
TAJ
PSK
THR
DAZ
PBS
BNK
BIP
Demo 2
• Bed Quilt Dark Silence Fatigue Clock
Snoring Night Toss Tired Night
Toss Tired
Night artichoke Turn Night Rest Dream