Transcript Slide 1

Chapter 9
Memory
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Chapter 9 memory
Memory
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The persistence of learning over time
through the storage and retrieval of
information.
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Flashbulb memory
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A clear memory of emotional
significant moment or event.
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Encoding
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The processing of information into the
memory system.
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Storage
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Retention of encoded information over
time.
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Retrieval
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The process of getting information out
of memory storage.
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Sensory memory
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Immediate, very brief recording of
sensory information in the memory
system.
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Short-term memory
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Activated memory that holds a few
items briefly, such as seven digits of
the phone number while dialing,
before the information is stored or
forgotten.
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Long-term memory
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Relatively permanent and limitless
storehouse of memory system.
Includes knowledge, skills, and
experiences.
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Working memory
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A newer understanding of short-term
memory that involves conscious,
active processing of incoming auditory
and visual spatial information, and of
information retrieved from long-term
memory.
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Automatic processing
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Unconscious encoding of the
incidental information, such as space,
time, and frequency, and of well
learned information, such as word
meetings.
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Effortful processing
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Encoding that requires attention and
conscious effort.
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Rehearsal
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The conscious repetition of
information, either to maintain it in
consciousness or to encode it for
storage.
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Spacing effect
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The tendency for distributed study or
practice to yield better long-term
retention than is achieved through
mass study or practice.
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Serial position effect
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Our tendency to recall best for last
and first items in a list.
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Visual encoding
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Encoding of picture images.
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Acoustic encoding
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Encoding of sound, especially the
sound of words.
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Semantic encoding
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Encoding of meaning, including the
meaning of words.
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Imagery
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Mental pictures; a powerful aid to
effortful processing, especially when
combined with semantic encoding.
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Mnemonics
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Memory aids, especially those
techniques that use vivid imagery and
organizational devices.
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Chunking
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Organizing items into familiar,
manageable units; often occurs
automatically.
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Iconic memory
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A momentary sensory memory of
visual stimuli; photographic or picture
image memory lasting no more than a
few tenths of a second.
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Echoic memory
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A momentary sensory memory of
auditory stimuli; if attention is
elsewhere, sounds and words can still
be recalled within three or four
seconds.
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Long-term potentiation (LTP)
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an increase in a synapse firing
potential after brief, rapid stimulation.
Believed to be a neural basis for
learning and memory.
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Amnesia
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A loss of memory
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Implicit memory
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Retention independent of conscious
recollection. Also called procedural
memory.
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Explicit memory
Maria facts and experiences that one
can consciously know and declare.
 Also known as declarative memory.
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Hippocampus
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A narrow center that is located in
limbic system and helps process
explicit memories for storage.
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Recall
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A measure of memory in which the
person must retrieve information
learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank
test.
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Recognition
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A measure of memory which the
person need only identify items
previously learned, as on a multiple
choice test.
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Relearning
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A memory measure that assesses the
amount of time saved when learning
material for second time.
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Priming
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The activation, often unconsciously, of
particular association in memory.
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Déjà vu
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That eerie sense that “I’ve
experienced this before.” Cues from
the current situation may
subconsciously trigger retrieval of an
earlier experience.
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Mood-congruent memory
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The tendency to recall stances that
are consistent with one’s current good
or bad mood.
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Proactive interference
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The disruptive effect of prior learning
on the recall of new information.
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Retro active interference
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Disruptive effect of new learning on
the recall of old information.
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Repression
Highly controversial
 In psychoanalytic theory, the basic
defense mechanism that vanishes
from consciousness anxiety arousing
thoughts, feelings, and memories.
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Misinformation effect
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Incorporating misleading information
and to one’s memory of an event.
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Source amnesia
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The trivet into the wrong source and
event we have experience, her about,
read about, or imagined.
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