Transcript Chapter 7
Memory
Recall of Observations Test
[Memory is] a man's real possession...In nothing else is he rich, in nothing else is he poor.
(Alexander Smith, Scottish essayist & poet, 1830-1867)
Memory is what makes our lives...Without it, we are nothing
(Luis Bunuel, filmmaker)
What is memory?
the process by which we recollect prior experiences and information and skills learned in the past There are three kinds of memory, three processes of memory and three stages of memory.
Create the following table in your notes and think of at least 5 things for each category…
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experiences
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general knowledge
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skills
Chapter 7, Section 1
Episodic Memory
memory of a specific event; took place in your presence or you experienced it
examples:
What did you have for dinner last night?
What was on last week’s quiz?
flashbulb memory: clear memory of an emotionally significant event; great detail Why?
distinctness of memory connected to other events that are important to the time
Generic Memory
general knowledge that people remember (you probably don’t know when you first learned it)
examples:
Washington was the first president alphabet
Procedural Memory
consists of skills/ procedures you have learned (usually stays with you for many years, even if not used)
examples:
throwing a ball riding a bike typing playing a musical instrument driving a car
C hapter 7, Section 2
Answer the following questions in your notes… 1.
What letters do not appear on the telephone keypad?
2.
How many sides do most pencils have?
3.
In what hand does the Statue of Liberty carry the torch?
Encoding
first stage of processing information; translation of information into a form in which it can be stored
Types of Encoding:
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visual codes—attempt to see info in your mind as a picture
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acoustic codes—record info in your memory as a sequence of sounds semantic codes—try to make sense of the info a. patterns b. phrases/cue words c. discover meaning
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Storage
maintenance of encoded info over a period of time
Strategies:
maintenance rehearsal-repeating info over and over to keep from forgetting it; the more time spent repeating, the longer the info will be remembered; poor method for permanent storage elaborative rehearsal-make info meaningful by relating it to info already well known; more effective than maintenance rehearsal organization systems-memories become organized and arranged in your mind for future use like a filing system that organizes info into classes and groups filing errors—some memory errors are due to incorrect “filing”
Memorize this alphabet…
= a = d = g = b = e = h = c = f = i
Decode this sentence…
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What if you had used this to memorize it???
a b c d e f g h i
Retrieval
consists of locating stored info and referring it to conscious thought; method of retrieval used may have to do with the way you encoded it
Methods of retrieval:
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context-dependent memory-info that is more easily retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored
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state-dependent memory-memories that are retrieved because the mood in which they were originally encoded is recreated tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon—belief that a piece of info is stored in our memory although we can’t retrieve it easily
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Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Chapter 7, Section 3
Sensory Memory
first stage of memory; immediate, initial recording of information memory trace- impression made by information on our senses
iconic memory
type of sensory register which holds icons; “snapshot”; brief
eidetic imagery echoic memory
ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods; “photographic memory” sensory register that holds mental traces of sounds (echoes); easier to remember; can last for several seconds
Short-term Memory
memory that holds information briefly before it is stored or forgotten; AKA working memory lasts 10-12 seconds used a lot (thinking about something, solving problems, doing/remembering HW) information begins to fade rapidly after a few seconds
Some more short-term vocab…
primacy effect- tendency to recall the initial items in a series recency effect- tendency to recall the last items in a series chunking- organization of items into familiar or manageable units
interference- occurs when new info appears in short-term memory and takes the place of info already there
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Long-term Memory
third (final) stage of memory capacity of memory: no known limit to how much information limited only by the amount of attention we pay to things memory as reconstructive: memories are reconstructed from bits and pieces of our experiences; shaped by our personal views of the world; like a puzzle schemas: mental representations we form of the world by organizing bits of information into knowledge
Three “3’s” of Memory
Three Kinds of Memory Episodic Procedural Generic
Three Processes of Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval
Three Stages of Memory Sensory Short term Long term
Which one is the real thing?
Eyewitness Testimony and the Misinformation Effect
“About how fast were the cars going when they ____ each other?”
smashed collided bumped hit contacted 41 m.p.h.
39 m.p.h.
38 m.p.h.
34 m.p.h.
32 m.p.h.