Transcript THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION

biologiuri omebi antikuri xanidan I msoflio
omamde
leqcia # 2
1. mimoxilva
• winaistoriuli biologiuri omebi
– slaidebi ( 1 - 8 )
• biologiuri saomari saSualebebis Tavdapirveli gamoyeneba
– slaidebi (9 - 16 )
• biologiuri saomari saSualebebis sawyisebi
– slaidebi (17 - 20 )
2. istoriuli wyaroebi biologiuri saomari saSualebebis Sesaxeb
• Thun l’Eveque –is alya (1340)
– varaudoben, rom gamoyenebuli iqna damcavi saSualebebi mkbvdari
cxenebis leSebis cixe – simagreSi Casayrelad, raTa eiZulebinaT cixe –
simagris damcvelebi gamosuliyvnen
• kafas alya (1346) and da ‘Savi Wiri’
– varaudoben, rom monRolebma moaxdines Savi Wiris msxverplTa
katapultireba genuis gamagrebul qalaq kafaSi da maT, vinc gadarCa
da gaiqca, Seitanes Savi Wiri evropaSi
3. istoriuli mtkicebulebebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi (i)
• mas unda hqondes politikuri da istoriuli azri
• is gamyarebuli unda iyos Sesabamisi detalebiT, raTa Sefaseba
SesaZlebeli iyos
• damtkicebuli qmedeba teqnikurad SesaZlebeli unda iyos movlenis
moxdenis drois samecniero codnis TvalsazrisiT
4. istoriuli mtkicebulebebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi (ii)
• SesaZlebeli unda iyos, rom angariSSi moxseniebuli afeTqeba iyos
mocemuli qmedebis Sedegi
• mtkicebulebis wyaro kargad unda iyos dokumentirebuli
• unda arsebobdes mtkicebulebis gamamyarebeli sabuTebi
5. fort piti1763 (i)
• pontiakis indielebis ajanyebaSi britanuli Zalebis winaaRmdeg gaerTiandnen
tomebi niu iorkidan dawyebuli virjiniamde. indielebma SeteviT aires 8
forti da daxoces da tyved aiyvanes didi raodenobiT kolonistebi.
• fort pitSi daiwyo yvavilis epidemia. samoqalaqo miliciis ufrosma uiliam
trentma indielebTan Sexvedris Semdeg Tavis JurnalSi saintereso
Canawerebi gaakeTa.
Further Inf.
6. fort piti1763 (ii)
• trentis Jurnali ambobs:
– “…maTdami ganwyobis saCveneblad Cven maT miveciT yvavilis saavadmyofodan
ori sabani da cxvirsaxoci. vimedovneb, rom amas CvenTvis sasurveli Sedegi
eqneba…”
• fortis ufrosis Jurnali ambobs, rom:
– “raRaceebi, rac wamoviReT yvaviliani hospitalidan, wavuReT indielebs:…”
– 2 sabani…………. 20/
£2..0..0
– 1 abreSumis cxvirsaxoci 10/& 1 tilos: 3/6 ….0..13..6”
7. yvavili, rogorc biologiuri iaraRi (i)
• epidemiam amerikel indielebs Soris gawyvita inficirebuli tomebis 50 %-ze
meti
• 1796 wels jeneris mier demonstrirebulma cdam, rom Zroxis yvaviliT
infeqcia icavs adamianis yvavilis infeqciisagan, saTave daudo yvavilis
winaaRmdeg farTo vaqcinacias
• WHO - s globalurma kampaniam 1967-77 wlebSi moaxdina am
daavadebis eradikacia da vaqcinacia amJamad Cveulebriv ar xdeba
8. yvavili, rogorc biologiuri iaraRi (ii)
• infeqciuri doza dabalia, da yovel 10 – 20 wamSi Cndeba meore Taobis
SemTxvevebi, da xSirad infeqciis erTi SemTxvevidan iwyeba.
• gamonayaris gamovlenas win uswrebs 12 – 14 - dRiani sainkubacio
periodi, plus kidev ramodenime dRe, vidre gamonayari gaxdeba iseTi, rom
dadgindes, rom es aris yvavili
• dRes mosaxloebas ar aqvs imuniteti yvavilis mimarT
9. koxis postulatebi
• mikrobi unda arsebobdes daavadebis yvela SemTxvevaSi da is ar unda
iyos janmrTel organizmSi
• saeWvo mikrobi unda gamoiyos da gaizardos sufTa kulturaze
• Semdeg daavadeba viTardeba mikrobis janmrTel organizmSi SeWris
Sedegad
• SemdgomSi daavadebulo maspinZlidan igive mikrobi xelaxla unda
gamoiyos.
10. “baqteriologiis oqros xana”
• zogierTi infeqciuri daavadebis mikrobuli warmoSobis dadgena
“oqros xanaSi” moxerxda
–
–
–
–
–
–
jilexi, 1876
qoTao, 1882
brucelozi, 1887
Savi Wiri, 1894
botulizmis toqsini, 1896
tularemia, 1912
11. biologiuri saomari saSualebebi I msoflio omis dros
• germaniam gamarTa farTo diversiuli kampania, da gamoiyena iseTi agentebi, rogorebicaa qoTao
da jilexi, raTa xeli SeeSala kavaleriisa da gamwevi saqonlis, magaliTad, cxenebis, gadacema
mowineeRmdegeebis SeerTebuli ZalebisaTvis. kampanis SemdegSi mdgomareobda:
– imarTeboda generaluri Stabis mier, romlisaTvis adreuli SeTanxmebebi vrceldeboda da krZalavda mxolod
adamianebis winaaRmdeg biologiuri iaraRis gamoyenebas
– aSS-Si biologiiuri diversia iyo ufro didi kampaniis nawili, romelic miznad isaxavda xeli SeeSala Zvirfasi saomari
masalis dinebisaTvis
– kampaniis centraluri figura iyo eqimi anton dilgeri, aSS-Si dabadebuli germaneli mSoblebisagan, romelsac Tavisi
cxovrebis didi nawili germaniaSi hqpnda gatarebuli
– kultivirebuli agentebi britanuli blokadis gamo aSS-Si Camosmul germanel mezRvaurebs SehyavdaT cxenebSi
aRmosavleT sanapiros portebSi
12 biologiuri saomari saSualebebi I msoflio omis dros (ii)
• germaniis diversiuli kampania rumineTSic Catarda. 1916 wels, rodesac rumineTi gaerTianebul
mxareebs SeuerTda, aRmoCenil iqna rammodenime kultura
• cxenebze Setevisa da gamwevi cxovelebis wyobidan gamoyvanis operaciebi norvegiaSic Catarda.
jilexi kavilaruli sinjarebiT Cadebuli iyo Saqris natezebSi, da am natexebiT kvebavdnen cxovelebs.
sasaciloa, rom Saqris amgvari sinjara amJamad iqna aRmoCenili policiis muzeumSi, da masSi
Bacillus anthracis aeseboba dadginda Tanamedrove PCR meTodikiT.
• iyo argentinidan wamosuli tvirTis sabotaJis mcdelobac.
• naklebadaa cnobili, magram dasavleT frontze safrangeTmac Caatara cxovelebis winaaRmdeg
mimarTuli diversiuli kampania
13. jilexi, rogorc agenti biologiuri saomari saSualebebisaTvis (i)
• Bacillus anthracis aris anaerobuli, gram – dadebiTi sporis
warmomqmneli umoZrao saxeoba, romelic biologiur saomar saSualebad Zalian
kargad gamoiyeneba:
– sasicocxlo cikli moicavs vegetatiur gamravlebas msxverplSi, umetesad mcoxnelebSi –
manam, vidre warmoqmnili toqsinebi sikvdils ar gamoiwvevs.
– Semdeg rodesac cxoveli kvdeba, baqteria warmoqmnis garemoSi Zalian mdgrad sporebs,
romlebic icavs organizms manam, vidre is xelaxla SeiWreba axal msxverplSi
– is faqti, rom sporebi garemoSi degradaciisadmi Zalian mdgradia da letaloba maRalia,
niSnavs, rom jileci idealuri biologiuri saomari saSualebebis agentia.
14. jilexi, rogorc agenti biologiuri saomari saSualebebisaTvis (ii)
• 1979 wels sverdlovskSi, samxedro dawesebulebaSi jilexis sporebis SemTxveviT
gamoSvebas mohyva jilexiT daavadebis 79 SemTxveva sikvdilis 68 SemTxveviT,
ramac inhalaciuri jilexis saSiSroeba gamoaaSkarava
• filtvebSi Sesuli sporebs ylapaven makrofagebi da mihyavT limfur jirkvlebamde.
gaRvivebas daaxloebiT 60 dRe sWirdeba, magram rogorc ki gaRviveba daiwyeba,
daavadebis gamomJRavneba Zalian swrafad xdeba
15. jilexi, rogorc agenti biologiuri saomari saSualebebisaTvis (iii)
• primatebze miRebuli Sedegebis SefasebiT miiRes, rom LD 50 (doza,
romelic sakmarisia eqspoziciis qveS myofi adamianebis 50% -s
mosaklavad) aris 2,500 da 55,000 aerozolizebul jolexis sporas Soris
• virulenctobas esaWiroeba antifagocituri kafsulis da toqsinis sami
komponentis (damcavi antigeni, letalobis faqtori and Sesiebis faqtori)
arseboba
16. jilexi, rogorc agenti biologiuri saomari saSualebebisaTvis (iv)
• sporebi advilad izrdeba Cveulebriv sakveb areze 37 gradusze da Zalian damaxasiaTebeli
Sesaxedaoba aqvs. Tumca identifikacia advili unda iyos, Zalian cota Tanamedrove mikrobiologs
unaxavs jilexi. daavadebis adreuli niSnebi arasepcifiuria, rac diagnozis dasmas arTulebs
• mas Semdeg, rac sporebi gaRvivdeba, infeqcia swrafad viTardeba, da inficirebulTa gadasarCenad
saWiroa antibiotikebis efeqturi kursis Catareba
• jilexis winaaRmdeg vaqcinacia SesaZlebelia, magram mTel mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi
praqtikuli araa.
• aerozolirebuli jilexiT Setevis SemTxvevaSi xSirad adgili aqvs dabneulobas, da saWiroa Catardes
dekontaminacia
17. 1925 wlis Jenevis protokoli
• I msoflio omis win daido rigi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa, romelTac
nawilobrivi akrZalva daaweses momwamlav iaraRze
• omis Semdeg erTa ligaSi iyo msjeloba Semdgom akrZalvebze
• es akrZalvebi ZiriTadad qimiur iaraRze iyo koncentrirebuli, vinaidan omis
dros qimiuri iaraRi xSirad iqna gamoyenebuli
• 1925 wels poloneTis mier moyvanilma argumentebma daarwmuna, rom
Jenevis protokoli biologiur iaraRsac unda Sexeboda
18. biologiuri saomari saSualebebis omis Semdgomi mzadeba
safrangeTSi (i)
• biologiur saomar saSualebebze wuxils mohyva 1922 wlis trilantis angariSi “omis
dros biologiuri iaraRis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb”. igi:
– “…ara marti detalurad xsnida franguli programis swrafi gafarToebis motivaciasa da mizezebs,
aramed agreTve iZleoda samuSaos samecniero safuZvels.”
– “…gvTavazobda, rom is [biologiuri iaraRi] iqneboda Sesabamisi, gansakuTrebiT mobilizaciis
periodis ganmavlobaSi iseTi miznebis winaaRmdeg, rogorebicaa samoqalaqo mosaxleoba,
urbanuli centrebi, jarebis Sekrebis adgilebi, barakebi, sadgurebi, fabrikebi an warmoebis
adgilebi…”
19. biologiuri saomari saSualebebis omis Semdgomi mzadeba
safrangeTSi (ii)
• trilantis angariSi:
– “…afasebda mikrobul daavadebebs, romelTac SeiZleboda saomar saqmeSi roli eTamaSaT da iZleoda
imaT CamonaTvals, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli yofiliyo... yviTeli cxeleba, Savi Wiri... brucelozi...
da Turquli...”
– “Tavi, romelic eZRvneba eqsperimentul samuSaoebs, aRwers trilantis aRmoCenebs baqteriuli
agentebis haeris gziT gadacemis Sesaxeb da maT gavrcelebaze sxvadasxva faqtoris zegavlenas...”
– “…trilanti xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom laboratoriulma cdebma aCvena, rom SesaZlebeli iyo SeeqmnaT
xelovnuri mikrobuli Rrublebi, romelTac bunebrivi Rrublis yvela fizikuri Tviseba eqnebodaT …”
20. biologiuri saomari saSualebebis omis Semdgomi mzadeba
safrangeTSi (iii)
• “1925 wlis Semodgomaze omis saministrom:
– “…gadawyvita miemarTa kvleva “specialur SigTavsiani (mikrobebis kulturebiani)
asafeTqebeli bombebis damzadebaze, romelTac TviTfrinavebiT gadazidavdnen”.
mizani iyo SeeqmnaT iseTi mowyobiloba, romelic miwaze dacemisas
warmoqmnida... mikrobebis Semcvel Rrubels... romelsac eqneboda... paTogenuri
efeqti...”
– “…srulmasStabiani cdebi Catarda 1926 wlis oqtomberSi... flotis goliaTis
hidroplanidan Camovarda cxra bombi... am cdebis Sedegebi iyo ara marto
“xelsayreli”, aramed maT daamtkices yvelaze mniSvnelovani Teoriuli monacemebi …”
sanimuSo kiTxvebi
1. kritikulad gaaanalizeT Sexeduleba, rom infeqciuri daavadebebis “mikrobuli” mizezebis dadgenis
“mecnierul gagebamde” istoriul CanawerebSi mravlad aris biologiuri saomari saSualebebis
gamoyenebis magaliTebi.
2. ramdenad saSiSi iqneboda yvavili, Tuki mas dRes biologiuri saomar saSualebebad gamoiyeneben?
3. aRwereT ZiriTadi fazebi germanuli personalis sawinaaRmdego biologiuri diversiis kampaniis I
msoflio omis dros an franguli SeteviTi biologiuri saomari saSualebebis programisa I da II
msoflio omebs Soris periodSi.
4. ra aris 1925 wlis Jenevis protokoli? rogor faravs is biologiur iaraRs da ra statusi aqvs mas dRes?
wyaroebi
(Slide 1)
• Geissler, E., and van Courtland Moon, J. (Eds.), (1999) Biological and
Toxin Weapons Research, Development and Use from the Middle
Ages to 1945 (SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies No. 18).
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(Slide 2)
• Horrox, R. (ed.), The Black Death (Manchester University Press:
Manchester, 1994), pp. 14-26. p. 17.
Cited at pp. 14 in Wheelis, M. (1999) ‘Biological Warfare before 1914’, In
Geissler, E., and van Courtland Moon, J. (2001) Biological and Toxin
Weapons Research,Development and Use from the Middle Ages to
1945 (SIPRI Chemical & BiologicalWarfare Studies No. 18). Oxford:
Oxford University Press. pp. 8-34.
(Slide 3)
• Barnes-Svarney, P. (1995) The New York Public Library Science
Desk Reference, New York: Macmillan
(Slide 5)
• Volwiler, A. T. (ed.), ‘Willium Trent’s Journal at Fort Pitt, 1763’,
Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 11 (1924), pp. 390-413.
Cited at p. 22 in Wheelis, M. (1999) ‘Biological Warfare before 1914’, In
Geissler, E., and van Courtland Moon, J. (2001) Biological and
Toxin Weapons Research, Development and Use from the Middle
Ages to 1945 (SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies No.
18). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 8-34.
(Slide 6)
• Wheelis, M. (1999) ‘Biological Warfare before 1914’, In Geissler, E.,
and van Courtland Moon, J. (2001) Biological and Toxin Weapons
Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945
(SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies No. 18). Oxford:
Oxford University Press. pp. 8-34.
(Slide
7)
• Henderson. D. A., Inglesby, T. V., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher. M. S.,
Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Jahrling, P. B., A. M., Hauer, J., Layton, M.,
McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G., Perl, T. M.,
Russel, P. K., and Tonat, K. (1999) ‘Smallpox as a Biological
Weapon Medical and Public Health Management’, in JAMA 281(22),
pp. 2127-2137
(Slide 10)
• Inf.1
Inglesby, T. V., Dennis, D. T., Henderson. D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher.
M. S., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Fine, A. D., Friedlander, A. M., Hauer, J.,
Koerner, J. F., Layton, M., McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T.
O’., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K., Schoch-Spana, M., and
Tonat, K. (2000) ‘Plague as a Biological Weapon: Medical and
Public Health Management’, in JAMA 283(17), pp. 2281-2290
• Inf.2
Arnon, S. S., Schecter, R., Inglesby, T. V., Henderson. D.
A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher. M. S., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Fine,
A. D., Hauer, J., Layton, M., Lillibridge, S., Osterholm, M.
T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K.,
Swerdlow, D. L., and Tonat, K. (2001) ‘Botulinum Toxin
as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health
Management’, in JAMA 285(8), pp. 1059-1070
• Inf.3
Dennis, D. T., Inglesby, T. V., Henderson. D. A., Bartlett, J.
G., Ascher. M. S., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Fine, A. D.,
Friedlander, A. M., Hauer, J., Layton, M., Lillibridge, S.,
McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G.,
Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K., and Tonat, K. ‘Tularemia as a
Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health
Management’, in JAMA 285(21), pp. 2763-2773
(Slide 11)
• NAS Record Group 76, Records of the Mixed Claims
Commission, Entry 29 (Record Relating to the Sabotage
Claims Filed with the Commission), Box 3,
‘Memorandum re Carl Dilger with specific respect to the
records as it existed at the time of the decision of
October 16 1930’, 12 Nov. 1935, p. 4.
Cited at pp. 41-42 in Wheelis, M. (1999) ‘Biological
Sabotage in World War I’, In Geissler, E., and van
Courtland Moon, J. (2001) Biological and Toxin
Weapons Research, Development and Use from the
Middle Ages to 1945 (SIPRI Chemical & Biological
Warfare Studies No. 18). Oxford: Oxford University
Press. pp. 35-62.
(Slide 12)
• Redmond, C., Pearce, M. J., Manchee, R. J., and
Berdal, B. P., (1998) Deadly Relic of the Great War’, in
Nature 393. pp. 747-748. Available from
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v393/n6687/full/39
3747a0.html
(Slide 13)
Inglesby, T. V., Henderson. D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher. M.
S., Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Friedlander, A. M., Hauer, J.,
McDade, J., Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G.,
Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K., and Tonat, K. (1999) ‘Anthrax
as a Biological Weapon: Medical and Public Health
Management’, in JAMA 281(18), pp. 1735-1745
(Slide 14)
• Meselson, M., Guillemin, J., Hugh-Jones, M., Langmuir, A., Popova,
I., Shelokov, A and Yampolskaya, O. (1994) ‘The Sverdlovsk
Anthrax Outbreak of 1979’, Science 266, pp. 1202-1208. Available
from http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/266/5188/1202
(Slide 15)
• Inglesby, T. V., Henderson. D. A., Bartlett, J. G., Ascher. M. S.,
Eitzen, E. M. Jr., Friedlander, A. M., Hauer, J., McDade, J.,
Osterholm, M. T., Toole, T. O’., Parker, G., Perl, T. M., Russel, P. K.,
and Tonat, K. (1999) ‘Anthrax as a Biological Weapon: Medical and
Public Health Management’, in JAMA 281(18), pp. 1735-1745
(Slide 16)
• Los Angels Times (2002) Contractors’ Cost Overruns from Anthrax
Cleanup: $50 Million, 11 September. p. A-33 in printed edition
[Online] Available from
http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/01/nation/na-anthrax1
(Slide 17)
• Mierzejewski, J. W., and van Courtland Moon, J. E. (Eds
(1999) ‘Poland and Biological Weapons’, in Geissler, E.,
and van Courtland Moon, J. E. (Eds,). (1999) Biological
and Toxin Weapons Research, Development and Use
from the Middle Ages to 1945 (SIPRI Chemical &
Biological Warfare Studies No. 18). Oxford: Oxford
University Press. pp. 63-69.
(Slide 18)
• Lepick, O. (1999) French activities related to biological
warfare, 1919-45. In: Geissler, E. and van Courtland
Moon, J. (eds.) Biological and Toxin Weapons:
Research, Developmentand Use from the Middle Ages
to 1945. SIPRI Chemical & Biological Warfare Studies,
no.18. Oxford: Oxford University Press.