Transcript C14. Dual-Use: The Fink Report

ormagi daniSnulebis magaliTebi
leqcia # 15
gamoyenebiTi versia
1. mimoxilva
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ormagi daniSnulebis mniSvneloba dRes
slaidebi 1-7
ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis tipiuri magaliTebi
slaidebi 8-11
finkis angariSi
slaidebi 12-20
NSABB 2007 wlis kontrolis saproeqto winadadebebi
slaidebi 21-22
2008 wlis israelis angariSi
slaidi 23
merilendis universitetis proeqti “saSiSi paTogenebis kontrolis Sesaxeb”
slaidebi 24-26
ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis axali koncefcia
slaidebi 27-30
2. ormagi daniSnulebis
mniSvneloba dRes
terminma “ormagi daniSnulebis teqnologiebi,” romelic upirvelesad miesadageba teqnologiebs, romelTa gamoyeneba
SeiZleba rogorc samxedro, aseve ,mdgradi komerciuli gamoyenebisaTvis, meore mniSvneloba seiZina yaraRis Seqmnis
konteqstSi: saSualebebi, unarebi, aRWurviloba da codna, romlebsac legaluri kvlevebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis kritikuli
mniSvneloba aqvs, SeiZleba boroti miznebisaTvisac iqnas gamoyenebuli. biologiaSi, qimiasa da sainformacio
mecnierebebSi swrafi winsvlis pirobebSi 2020 wlisaTvis amgvari ormagi daniSnulebis teqnologiebi kidev ufro didi
raodenobiR Seiqmneba, am terminis orive mniSvnelobiT.
juli fiSeri,
ufrosi pedagogi
The Henry L. Stimson Center
3. mecnieris Rirseba da damangrevlis uRirsoba
（Oct 5, 2008 Yomiuri Newspaper)
vis SearCevdiT konteqstSi “mecnieri, romelic dedamiwas yvelaze metad angrevs”?
amerikeli mecnieri jeims konanti(1893 - 1978)
• I msoflio omSi momwamvleli gazis Seqmna wamoiwyo
• ormoci wlis asakSi harvardis universitetis progesori gaxda
• erovnuli tavdacviTi mecnierebebis sabWos Tavmjdomare: xels uwyobda atomuri bombis Seqmnas
amerikeli mecnieri Tomas midgli (1889 - 1944)
• gamoigona manqanis sawvavad tyviaSemcveli benzinis gamoyeneba
• warmatebiT moaxdina diqlorodifltoromeTanis : macivrebisa da kondicionerebis gamagrileblis, eleqtronikis gamwmendis,
aerozolebis gazis sinTezi
haeris dabinZureba da ozonis Sris dazianeba
• gamomgonebeli keTili zraxvebiT SeiZleba yvelaze didi damangreveli gaxdes.
• ramdenad aris mecnieri pasuxismgebeli Tavisi gamogonebis an miRwevis Sedegebze?
4. problemis amosavali wertili
kargi kvleviTi proeqtebi, SesaniSnavi Sedegebi
magram …
Cven ver gamovricxavT mtruli gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas
ormagi daniSnulebis dilema
5. ratom unda esmodeT mecnierebs ormagi daniSnulebis sakiTxi?
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mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis ganvitareba, gansakuTrebiT sasicocxlo mecnierebebSi, rogorebicaa bioteqnologia da rekombinantuli dnm-is
teqnologiebi, mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli “axali Taobis” biologiuri iaraRis SemuSavebasTan.
keTili miznebiT da samoqalaqo kvlevebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ara mxolod samxedro miznebiT, aramed ganzraxulad, da es seiZleba
mecnieris mosazrebisagan damoukideblad moxdes. （ ormagi daniSnulebis dilema
amJamad, maRalsiCqariani internetis xanaSi, nebiemierma seiZleba moipovos samecniero da teqnologiuri informacia Zalian martivad. swored
amitom mecnierebi pasuxismgeblobiT unda moekidon im informacias, romelsac isini gascemen, agreTve maT unda gaiTvalisewinon ormagi
daniSnulebis SesaZlebloba.
rac Seexeba kvlevis sedegebisa da axali aRmoCenebis gamoqveynebas, daculi unda iyos mecnierebis Tavisufleba da nebayoflobiTi saqmianoba.
mTavroba an sxva maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi ar arian am sakiTxis erTaderTi gadamWrelebi. amitomac mecnierebma Tavad unda gadaWran
ormagi daniSnulebis dilema.
swored amitom biologiuri da toqsiuri iaraRis konvenciaSi ar aris mocemuli Sesabamisobis damtkicebis sando struqtura an meTodi. es aris
konvenciis yvelaze didi problema da amavdroulad sasicocxlo mecnierebma SeiZleba am sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi Tavisi wvlili seitanon.
Tu sasicocxlo mecnierebs ainteresebT ormagi daniSnulebis sakiTxebi da masTan dakavSirebul struqturebSi monawileoba, es didad daexmareba
am sakiTxis yovelmxriv gadaWras.
6. sasicocxlo mecnierebebis kvlevebSi saWiroa
biologiuri dacvis codna
• im mikrobebis unebarTvod an riskianad gamoyeneba, romlebis meSveobiT SeiZleba
biologiuri an toqsiuri iaraRis Seqmna.
• aRmkveTi zomebis amis Tavidan asacileblad.
droa miviRoT axali zomebi mecnierebaSi ormagi daniSnulebis sakiTxis
gadasaWrelad.
dRevandeli miznebi：
• biologiuri dacvis gaZliereba
• “ormagi danisnulebis” mniSvnelobis aRiareba
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7. ormagi daniSnuleba problemas namdvilad warmoadgens
• gaerTianebuli samefos detaluri samecniero da teqnologiuri mimoxilva moicavs 23 calkeul sakiTxs (biologiuri da toqsiuri iaraRis konvencia;
mexute gadasasinji konferencia, 2001-2002）
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genomiqsi da proteomiqsi
bioinformatika
adamianis genomis proeqti da humanuri mravalferovneba
genuri Terapia
virulentoba da paTogenoba
vaqcinebi da axali terapia
gamoyenebadia daavadebebisa da bi
rekombinantuli cilebis eqspresia
winaaRmdeg
toqsinebi da sxva bioaqtiuri molekulebi
deteqciisa da identifikaciis teqnologiebi
adamianis infeqciuri daavadebebis xasiaTi
yvavilis ganadgureba
rezistentoba
mravali ganixileba, rogorc
daavadebebi soflis meurneobaSi
mavneblebis kontroli soflis meurneobaSi
problematuri
daavabebRan brZolis globaluri iniciativa
molekuluri biologiis gamoyeneba da natesebi
mimarTulebebi cilebis warmoebis teqnologiebSi
saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba da biousafrTxoeba: saqmianoba biomravalgerovnebis konvenciis farglebSi
agentebisa da toqsinebis gadatanis saSualebebi
sarevelebis kontrolisaTvis paTogenebis gamoyeneba da “kriminaluri” naTesebi
biokoreqtireba: masalis ganadgureba
bi terorizmis saSiSroebis semcireba
qik ZalaSi Sesvlis zegavlena
8. sasicocxlo mecnirebebis kvlevebSi ormagi
daniSnulebis problema
-biomecnierebebis borotad gamoyenebis sakiTxebi
ormagi daniSnulebebis kvlevebis magaliTebi(statiebi rux zonaSi)
(1) jilexis vaqcinis genetikuri manipulaciebi
Pomerantsev, A.P., Staritsin, N.A., Mockov Yu, V. and Marinin, L.I. (1997)
cereolizinis AB genebis eqspresia Bacillus anthracis savaqcine StamSi uqrunvelyofs jilexis
eqsperimentuli hemolitikuri infeqciisagan dacvas.
Vaccine, 15, 1846-1850.
statia TiTqosda iZleva“jilexis vaqcinis gaumjobesebas”
magram … sinamdvileSu jilexis vaqcinas umatebdnen toqsinis gens
(2) b-endorfinis produqcia Francisella tularensis - Si
Borzenkov, V.M., Pomerantsev, A.P. and Ashmarin, I.P. (1993)
[in vivo regulatoruli peptidebis damatebiTi sinTezi : Francisella tularensis savaqcine Stamis gamoyeneba,
romelic beta endorfins gamoimuSavebs].
Biull Eksp Biol Med, 116, 151-153.
biologiuri agentis da bioregulatoris kombinacia
axali biologiuri iaraRis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba?
9. ormagi daniSnulebebis kvlevebis tipiuri magaliTi
10. genetikurad Seqmnili axali virusi avlens moulodnelad Zlier virulentobas da klavs
Tagvebs
• Tavidan virusi sxva mizniiT Seiqmna
(TagvebisaTvis kontracefciuli vaqcina)
• vaqcina Seiqmna zona pellucida glikoproteini 3-is antisxeulebis mosamateblad, xolo Tagvis
yvavilis virusi mxolod mis gadasatanad iqna gamoyenebuli.
meqanizmis analizi
ormagi daniSnulebis kvleva?
Tagvis genetikurad Seqmnili virusi
• U\nexpected toxicity
• Inefficacy of present
vaccine programme
Tuki msgavsi teqnika iqneba gamoyenebuli,
Human smallpox virusSeuwyobs es xels msgavsi biologiuri iaraRis
Seqmnas?
ixileT leqcia 13: ormagi daniSnulebis magaliTi 1: Tagvis yvavili
11. am statiis problema ormagi daniSnulebis kuTxiT
1. am kvlevis mizani iyo eqtromeliis virusSi IL-4 genis CarTviT antisxeulebis produqciis gaumjobeseba, magram
rekombinanturma virusma ujreduli imuniteti Zalian daTrguna. (mkvlevarebisaTvis moulodneli produqti)
2. avtorebma aCvenes axali paTogenuri virusis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba im genze zemoqmedebiT, romelic pirdapir erTveba
imunur pasuxSi. (axali paTogenuri virusis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba msgavsi koncefciis gamoyenebiT)
3. recombinantulma virusma gamoavlina Zlieri imunosupresiuli efeqti maspinZlis mimarT, romelsac ukve hqonda SeZenili
imuniteti virusis igive Stamis mimarT. (gafrTxileba vaqcinebis programisaTvis)
4. kvlevebs kibosa da sxva daavadebebis qinaaRmdeg axali vaqcinebis mimarTulebiT SeiZleba moulodneli Sedegebi mofyves,
magalitad, seiqmnas momakvdinebeli virusebi. (SeiZleba analogiurma kvlevebma zianis momtani virusebi Seqmnas?)
5. kvlevis angarisebi Tavisuflad gamoqveyndeba samedicino JurnalebSi da maTi wakiTxva nebismiers SeuZ|lia. (informaciis
advilad miwodeba)
6. genebze ubralo manipulaciebma SeiZleba migviyvanos axali virusebis warmoqmnadme. (ar aris saWiro maRali teqnologiebi
da specialuri codna)
12. finkis angariSi
13. finkis angariSi
• komitetis 2004 wlis angariSs, “bioteqnologiuri kvleva terorizmis xanaSi”, Cveulebriv
moixsenieben, rogorc finkis angariSs.
• finkis angariSi Seicavs Svid rekomendacias, romlebic uzrunvelyofs pasuxismgeblobiT
aRsacse zedamxedvelobas bioteroristuli gamoyenebis potencialis mqone bioteqnologiur
kvlevebze.
• am rekomendaciebidan erT-erTi iyo biologiuri dacvis sakiTxebSi erovnuli mrCevelTa
sabWos Seqmna adamianisa da humanuri resursebis saministros farglebSi, raTa maT
gaewiaT problemuri eqsperimentebis irgvliv mrCevluri, warmmarTavi da kontrolis
funqciebi.
14. problemuri eqsperimentebi (Svidi kategoria)
“Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism”, http://books.nap.edu/catalog/10827.html
1. aCvenebs, rogor gaxados vaqcina araefeqturi
es exeba rogorc adamianis, aseve cxovelTa vaqcinebs.
2. iwvevs rezistwntobas Terapiulad gamoyenebadi antibiotikebis an antivirusuli agentebis mimarT
es exeba Terapiul agentebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba daavadebebis agentebis kontrolisaTvis adamianebSi, cxovelebsa da naTesebSi. am klass
ganekuTvneba ciprofloqsacinis mimarT rezistentobis gamowveva Bacillus anthracis –Si.
3. aZlierebs paTogenis virulentobas an arapaTogenurs virulenturad gardaqmnis.
es exeba adamianis, cxovelebisa da naTesebis paTogenebs. am klass ganekuTvneba cereolizinis toqsinis genis Setana Bacillus anthracis –Si.
4. gaaZlierebs paTogenis gadacemis unars
es exeba transmisiis gaZlierebas rogorc saxeobis SigniT, ise saxeobebs Soris. am klass ganekuTvneba daavadebebis gadacemisaTvis veqtoris
mgrZnobelobis Secvla.
5. Secvlis paTogenis maspinZlebis wres
es exeba arazoonozebis zoonozebad gadaqcevas. am klass ganekuTvneba virusebis tropizmis Secvla.
6.. amcirebs diagnostikis/deteqciis mgrZnobelobas
es exeba antisxeulebze damyarebuli deteqciis asacileblad mikrokapsulebSi motavsebas da/an genuri sekvensis Secvlas molekuluri meTodebiT
deteqciis Tavidan asacileblad.
7. biologiuri an toqsiuri agentis iaraRad gadakeTebis saSualebas mogvcems
es exeba paTogenis garemoSi stabilizacias.
15. aq mniSvnelovania…
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davrwmundeT, rom kvleva ar izRudeba
ecnobos samecniero sabWos
gaZlierdes eqsperimentebis ganxilvis sistema
daceyrdnoT TviTmmarTvelobas publikaciebis ganxilvaSi
Seiqmnas biologiuri dacvis sakiTxebSi erovnuli mrCevelTa sabWos Seqmna
gaZlierdes kavSiri usafrTxoebis, samarTaldamcvelTa, da sasicocxlo mecnierebebis
organizaciebs Soris
• gadasinjul iqnas fizikuri izolacia da personalis sakiTxebi
• saerTaSoriso zedamxedvelobis koordinacia
16. biologiuri dacvis sakiTxebSi erovnuli mrCevelTa sabWo (NSABB)
17. NSABB wevrebi
18. NSABB saqmianoba (1)
rekomendaciebi:
• kriteriumebi ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis gamosavlenad
• erovnuli gaudlainebi ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis kontrolisaTvis rogorc adgilobriv (mag.,
instituciuri biousafrTxoebis komitetebi), aseve federalur doneebze
－Ladgilobrivi ganxilvisa da damtkicebis procesebi
－NSABB – saTvis wardgenis kriteriumebi/procesebi
• axali klasis eqsperimentebisa da teqnologiebis kontrolis strategiebi
19. NSABB saqmianoba (2)
rCevebi:
• programa biologiur dacvaSi ganaTlebisa da treiningisaTvis yvela mecnierisa da laboratoriuli
muSakisaTvis federalur dafinansebaze myod dawesebulebebSi
• qcevis kodeqsi mecnierebisa da laboratoriuli muSakisaTvis sasicocxlo mecnierebebis
kvlevebSi
• erovnuli gaidlainebi ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis Sedegebis Setyobinebisa da gavrcelebis
Sesaxeb
• ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebze koordinirebuli saerTaSoriso kontrolis strategiebi
20. ormagi daniSnulebis potencialis mqone kvlevebis Sedegebis riskisa da sargeblis Sefasebis dros gasaTvaliswinebeli
sakiTxebi
21. NSABB kontroli proeqtebi (1)
mniSvnelovani nabijebi sasicocxlo mecnierebebSi ormagi daniSnulebis potencialis mqone kvlevebze adgilobrivi
kontrolis saqmeSi
Dual-use research of
concern identified
No dual use
potential identified
Work conducted in
accordance with
risk management
22. NSABB kontroli proeqtebi (2)
Examples of points of communication of dual use
research during the research process
＊CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects)
23. 2008 wlis israelia angariSi
sasicocxlo mecnierebis savaldebulo swavleba ormagi daniSnulebis sakiTxebze
• israelis mTavrobam bolo dros miiRo kanoni sasicocxlo mecnierebebSi ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romelmac savaldebulo
treiningebze moTxovnileba gaaZliera. (kanoni daavadebebis biologiuri agentebis kvlevebis regulirebis Sesaxeb, 2008, israeli.)
• CCarlz sturtis universitetma da avstraliis erovnulma universitetma miiRes kanoni, romelmac savaldebulo treiningebze moTxovnileba
gaaZliera.
• ufro mogvianebiT masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrcelebisa da terorizmis prevenciis komisiis (mgi komisiis) angariSSi, romlis
saxelwodebaa “samyaro riskis qveS”, aris mowodeba sasicocxlo mecnierTaTvis ormagi daniSnulebis savaldebulo treiningebisadmize
kvlevebis Sesaxeb. komisiis angariSi mgi gavrcelebisa da terorizmis Sesaxeb “samyaro riskis qveS”gamovida 2008 wlis dekemberSi
israelis sistema albaT saukeTesoa patara qveynebs Soris
24. merilendis universitetis proeqti “saSiSi paTogenebis kontroli”
• saSiSi paTogenebis kontrolis proeqti merilendis saerTaSoriso da
usafrTxoebis kvlevebis centrSi (Center for International and
Security Studies at Maryland - CISSM)
• navaraudebia biousafrTxoebis sistemebis saerTaSorisokontroli
25. merilendis universitetis proeqti “saSiSi paTogenebis kontroli”
ori ZiriTadi SekiTxva
1. ra tipis ormagi daniSnulebis bioteqnologiuri kvleva atarebs udides potenciur safrTxes?
2. Hrogor SegviZlia vmarToT amgvari kvlevis riskebi ise, rom xeli ar SeviSaloT
samecniero progress?
ormagi daniSnulebis sakiTxebze informirebulobis donis amaRleba da miviRoT
ukukavSiri mis Sesaxeb regionuli samuSao sexvedrebis meSveobiT
26. merilendis universitetis proeqti “saSiSi paTogenebis kontroli”
ori ZiriTadi elementi
1. saTanado presonalisa da kvleviTi dawesebulebebis erovnuli licenzireba
• teqnikurad kvalificirebuli
• Hgavlili aqvT treiningebi biologiur dacvaSi
• wina istoriaSi araferi aqvT
2. saTanado kvleviTi saqmianobis damoukidebeli ganxilva Tanasworebis mier mis
dawyebamde
• mebismier individs, romelic dainteresebulia awarmoos kontrolis sistemaSi moqceuli kvlevebi, moeTxoveba
warudginos savaraudo proeqti damoukidebel makontrolebel organos ganxilvisa da damtkicebisaTvis
• unda Tanxvdebodes aSS mecnierebaTa akademiis saeqsperto jgufis (finkis komitetis) rekomendaciebs
27. bolo dros gamoqveynebuli statiebi tipiuri ormagi daniSnulebis sasicocxlo
kvlevebis Sesaxeb
kvlevebi jilexis genomis Sesaxeb (Read et al., 2003)
kvlevebi SARS-is genomis Sesaxeb (Marra et al., 2003)
1918 wlis tipis gripis virusis hemaglutininis kristalis analizi
(Gamblin et al., 2004; Stevens et al., 2004)
jilexis toqsinis analizi (Santelli et al., 2004)
genis sinTezi, sinTeturi biologia (Ball, 2004; Breaker, 2004)
1918 wlis gripis virusebis aRdgena
(Taubenberger et al., 2005; Tumpey et al., 2005)
botulizmis toqsini sakvebSi (Wein and Liu, 2005)
listeria genetikuri cvlilebebi, maspinZlebis wris cvlileba
(Wollert et al., 2007)
• gamoqveynebulia iseT popularul JurnalebSi, rogorebicaa
Nature, Science, Cell, PNAS, da sxv.
• kvlevis zogierTi sfero cdeba finkis angariSis kategoriebs
28. ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevebis aRmocenebadi
koncefciebi
Seven categories of Fink
and more
29. sasicocxlo mecnierebis ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba problemur ormagi
daniSnulebis kvlevebSi
pirebs, romlebic CarTulebi arian sasicocxlo mecnierebis kvlevebSi nebismier etapze, ekisrebaT eTikuri
pasuxismgebloba Tavidan aicilon an minimumamde daiyvanon riskebi da ziani, romlebic SeiZleba kvlevis Sedegebis
mtruli miznebiT gamoyenebas mohyves.
amitomac, mecnierebma unda:
• seafason Tavisi kvleviTi saqmianoba ormagi daniSnulebis potencialis mxriv da angariSi waradginon saWiroebis
mixedviT;
• Cautaron treiningi sxvebs problemuri kvlevebis ormagi daniSnulebis gamosavlenad, sworad warmarTon , da
gaacnon pasuxismgeblobebi;
• Tavad aCvenon pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse qcevis magaliTi. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac CarTuli arian iseT
kvlevebSi, romlebic ormagi daniSnulebis problemuri kvlevebis kriteriumebs akmayofilebs; da
• Bmzad iyvnen kvlevis potenciurad borotad gamoyenebisaTvis.
30. biologiur mecnierebebSi ormagi daniSnulebis dilemis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis
miReba
varianti1
variantebi
gadawyvetilebebi
individualuri mecnieris sruli
avtonomia
varianti 3
varianti2
inctituciuri kontroli
instituciuri da samtavrobo kontroli
(i)
(i)
mecnierebi universitetSi
(kolegialurad)
korporacia
samTavrobo kvleviTi centri
mecnierebi universitetSi
(kolegialurad)
korporacia
samTavrobo kvleviTi centri
varianti 4
varianti 5
damoukidebeli avtoriteti
samTavrobo kontroli
damoukidebeli avtoriteti
mTavroba
vin arian gadawyvetilebis mimRebni
daSvebuli/dauSvebeli kvlevebis
Sesaxeb?
individualuri mecnieri
savaldebulo fizikuri usafrTxoebisa da dacvis
regulaciebi
ara
diax
diax
diax
diax
savaldebuloa ormagi daniSnulebis
teqnologiebis licenzireba?
ara
ara
diax
diax
diax
savaldebuloa ganaTleba/treiningebi?
ara
ara
diax
diax
diax
savaldebuloa personalis usafrTxoebis
regulaciebi
ara
ara
diax
diax
diax
gadawyvetilebis mimRebni cenzurisa
da masalis gavrcelebis sakiTxebSi?
calkeuli redaqtori
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
damoukidebeli avtoriteti
mTavroba
(ii)
(iii)
calkeuli redaqtori
korporacia
samTavrobo kvleviTi centri
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
calkeuli redaqtori
korporacia
samTavrobo kvleviTi centri
profesor seumas roderik makdonald mileri, filosofiis profesori (Carlz sturtis universiteti da avstraliis erovnuli
universiteti)
NB: gadawyvetilebis mireba exeba mxolod ormagi daniSnulebis kvlevas biologiur mecnierebebSi, romlebic gadawyda, rom potenciurad problematuria.