Chapter 12 Section 2 The Partition of Africa

Lesson Objectives

• • • Explain why European contact with Africa increased during the 1800s.

Understand how Leopold II started a scramble for colonies.

Describe how Africans resisted imperialism.

Look at the map: Africa in early 1800’s had many regions, hundreds of languages, varied governments

North Africa

• • Sahara Desert, fertile land along Mediterranean Ruled by Ottoman Empire

West Africa

• • Grassland regions – Jihad – Islamic reform movement, a holy struggle to revive & purify Islam – New Islamic states – trade, farming, herding Forests regions – Asante kingdom – Traded with Europeans & Muslims

East Africa

• • Strongly Islamic Port cities – Mombasa, Kilwa – – Cargoes were slaves Ivory & copper were exchanged for cloth & firearms from India

Southern Africa

• • • Early 1800’s in turmoil Shaka united Zulus 1830’s Zulus battled Boers

Slave Trade

• • Early 1800’s European nations began to outlaw slave trade Continued in East Africa to Middle East & Asia • Freed slaves – 1787 British organized Sierra Leone as colony for freed slaves – U.S. did the same for Liberia, became independent republic

European Contact with Africa Increased • • Difficult geography & diseases kept European from reaching interior; medical advances & river steamships changed things Explorers – early 1800’s tried to map the source & course of African rivers – Niger – – Nile Congo

Missionaries

• Goal was to win native Africans to Christianity – Built schools & medical clinics with churches – Paternalistic view of Africans – saw them as children in need of guidance

Dr. David Livingstone

• Best-known explorer/missionary – Criss-crossed Africa for 30 years – – Opposed slave trade Opened up interior of Africa to Christianity & trade – 1869 journalist, Henry Stanley, went to Central Africa to find Livingstone (hadn’t heard from for years) • Found Livingstone in 1871 in Tanzania • “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.”

King Leopold II of Belgium

• • • He started scramble for colonies Hired Stanley to explore the Congo River Basin – Arrange treaties with African basins Result - other European nations followed Belgium

Berlin Conference

• European nations met to avoid bloodshed/war over African lands – Recognized Leopold’s private claims in Congo Free State – Free trade on Congo & Niger Rivers – No European nations claim any African land w/out setting up a government office first – By 1850 European nations redrew the map of Africa

Belgians in Congo

• • Exploited riches – copper, rubber, ivory – Brutalized villagers Leopold II forced to give up colony to Belgian government, became Belgian Congo in 1908

French in Africa

• French empire in Africa as large as U.S.

– 1830’s invaded & conquered North Africa (violent takeovers) – Tunesia – Colonies in West & Central Africa

British in Africa

• • • • Smaller, heavily populated regions, rich in resources Parts of East & West Africa, Egypt, Sudan Southern Africa & Cape Colony from French – Clashed w/ Boers (descendants of Dutch settlers) – Many Boers fled British rule & migrated north – Gold & diamonds discovered • Led to Boer War; British won • British won but at great cost 1910 Brits united Cape Colony & former Boer lands into Union of South Africa – Govternmen run by whites – Complete racial segregation

Other European nations

• • • Portuguese – – Angola Mozambique Italy – Libya – Southern end of Red Sea Germany – Eastern Africa – Southern Africa

How Africans Resisted Imperialism

• • Algerians battled French for years British battled: – Zulu in southern Africa – Asante in West Africa; Queen Yaa Asnatewaa – Queen Nehanda of Shona in Zimbabwe – captured & executed

Germans Fought

• • • Yao Herero Fierce battle – 1905, Maji-Maji Rebellion – Germans won by using scorched earth policy – burned farmlands & starved people

Ethiopia

• • Ancient Christian kingdom, highlands of East Africa & number of kingdoms 1800 ruler Menelik II modernized his country – European experts to plan roads, bridges, set up schools – Imported weapons & had Europeans train army – Able to defeat Italian at battle of Adowa

Western-educated African elite (upper class) • • Some rejected own culture Others were nationalists & moved for independence