Unit 3: Industrialization and Nationalism

A. Decentralized; disunity; rich in resources

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Hundreds of different languages Politically diverse-villages to large empires

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Religious differences-traditional, Muslim, Christian B. Early European Contact (late 1400s)

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Coastal-rugged geography and hostile people

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slave trade (West)

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salt trade (North) trading posts (South)

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by 1880-only 10% under European control (not in interior)

A. Interior

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realm of missionaries and explorers

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African “mystique” sparked interest in publications

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1870s-Henry Stanley’s search for Dr. David Livingstone (well-publicized)

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opened Congo to European interest B. Belgium est. control over Congo (1880)

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Leopold II uses humanitarian front (end slavery) to mask exploitation of Africans

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Rubber plantations drained economy

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led to starvation

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Belgium’s wealth encouraged other European nations to compete for African “pie”

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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Industrial Revolution resources and markets Nationalism -colonies increased nation’s prestige Racism -belief in European/white racial superiority

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Social Darwinism

(strongest races survive) Missionary zeal to “Christianize” the heathen Technological/ Scientific Advancements technology superiority (esp. in weaponry)

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transportation (opened up continent to European control)

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medical advancements (quinine) African disunity

A. Berlin Conference (1884-85)

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Europe meets to divide Africa “fairly”

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Guidelines for control

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if you can show a “just” claim

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if you can hold it

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By 1914-only Liberia and Ethiopia NOT under European control B. Benefit to Europe

 Natural Resources -gold, diamonds, rubber, copper, tin, agri. products

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Dutch (Boers) settled Cape Town (South Africa) in 1600s as trading base

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British-moved in Cape colony in 1800s 1. Boers escaped northward-“The Great Trek” 2. Were pushed into Zulus

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conflict

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Discovery of gold and diamonds increased European immigration 1. Boers tried to limit newcomers’ influence; blamed British

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Fierce fighting breaks out; concentration camps; guerilla fighting; innocent civilians killed

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“modern war” foreshadowed future horrors

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Britain won and est. Union of So. Africa (under British control)

1. The Zulu Wars -1879

 British invade Zulu Territory and conquer this powerful tribe in 6 months; made them a colony

2. French West Africa

 Malinke tribe wages war against French control in Guinea for 15 yrs; finally defeated in 1898

3. German East Africa

 Maji Maji Rebellion (1905): Africans believe that spirits will protect them in rebellion against Germans; tens of thousands killed before uprising is squelched

   Emperor Menelik II took steps to modernize Ethiopia 1895- Italy invades Ethiopia over treaty dispute Menelik’s modern army able to defeat Italians in less than a year

Menelik II

Causes:

 European nations needed raw materials  European powers wanted power & land  Europeans strongly influenced by Social Darwinism

Effects:

 Africans lost their land and independence  Many Africans died resisting the Europeans