The Age of Imperialism Chapter 11

Congo

 1860s David Livingstone traveled into central Africa   Looking for source of Nile Disappeared for years  Found in 1871 at Lake Tanganyika   1879 returned to Africa 1882 signed treaties with local chiefs giving King Leopold II of Belgium control over the land  Leopold said he wanted to end the slave trade  Brutally exploited Africans     Forced labor, excessive taxation and abusive Outcry from the world 1908 Belgium officially took it over creating the Belgium Congo Race for colonies in Africa between Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, France and Belgium

Motives

 Imperialism- takeover of a country by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic and social life of the people    Needed new markets and raw materials Race for colonies-nationalism Racism- idea that they were better than other peoples  Social Darwinism- survival of the fittest  Showed superior to others   Non-Europeans inferior Missionaries pushed for expansion so to Christianize the people Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands (civilize and westernize)

Enabling Forces

 Technological superiority  Maxim gun- automatic machine gun  Africans had outdated guns  Europeans had means to control the empire  Steam engine in ships allowed ships to sail upriver  Communication by railroads, cables and steamers  Drugs to prevent diseases (quinine)  Africans not united

Colonization

   Scramble for Africa began in 1880 Berlin Conference- 14 nations met 1884-1885 to create rules for division of Africa  Could claim land by notifying others and showing they could control it  Divided Africa in no logical way   No African leaders attended 1914 only two nations remained free in Africa Hoped Africans would buy European goods  They didn’t   Took raw materials- peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber Copper, tin, gold and diamonds

South Africa

 Zulus- late 1700s to late 1800s local wars  1816 Zulu Chief Shaka created large centralized state  Successors not good at ruling and unable to stop British  Boers (Dutch farmers) came in 1652 took over Africans’ land and established large farms   British and Boers clashed starting in the 1800s over land and slaves 1830s Boers moved north in the Great Trek  Had to fight the Zulus

Boer War

 Gold and diamonds discovered in South Africa in the 1860s and 1880s  Everyone wanted to make money  Boers blamed British for a rebellion and in 1899 went to war  First modern total war  Britain won  1902 Union of South Africa was set up and controlled by the British

Colonial Control

 Influence over economic, political and social lives of people in Africa       Wanted to benefit their own economies Used following forms of control Colony- governed internally by a foreign power Protectorate- country has own internal government but under control of other power Sphere of influence- an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges Economic imperialism- independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments

Imperialist Management

 Indirect control- relied on existing political rulers  Local officials handled daily management  Train local leaders, could govern itself  Direct Control  Africans were children unable to handle control  Paternalism- governed people in a fatherly way by providing needs but not giving rights  Europe brought in own bureaucrats  French supported assimilation- absorb people into French culture  Patterned schools, courts and businesses after French

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Impact

Changed Africans’ lives Reduced local warfare Improved sanitation Hospitals and schools established- life spans increased, literacy improved Economic expansion- railroads, dams, telephones and telegraph lines  Only benefited Europeans Africans lost control of their land and independence   New diseases Lost thousands of people due to resistance    Famines Breakdown of traditional culture Men forced to leave villages    Worked hard Undermined stable societies Artificial boundaries

British in India

 East India Company took advantage of weak Mughal Dynasty starting in in 1707     1757 British won victory in Battle of Plassey    East India Company became leading power Governed both directly and indirectly Little interference at first from British government   Had its own army British officers and sepoys- Indian soldiers Supplied raw materials, good market for British goods Called “jewel of the crown” most valuable Economy could not operate on its own  Forced to produce raw materials and buy British goods

India

  Could not compete with British finished goods   Indian businesses put out of business Produced opium and shipped it to China in exchange for tea Impact          Third largest railroad network Developed modern economy Unified regions Modern roads, telephones, telegraphs, dams, bridges, irrigation canals Sanitation and public health increased Schools and colleges founded Restricted Indian owned industries Cash crop emphasis, lack of self-sufficiency famines

Sepoy Rebellion

  Indians resented British racism 1857 sepoys heard rumors that their new rifles were sealed with beef and pork fat  Soldiers had to bite off the seal to use the cartridges    They were Hindus and Muslims= outrage 85 out of 90 sepoys refused them  Jailed May 10, 1857 sepoys rebelled and marched on Dehli     Rebellions spread Sepoy Mutiny- fierce fighting, too a year to put down Splits between Hindus and Muslims Sikhs stayed loyal to British and would join British army

Turning Point

 1858 Britain took direct command of India  Part of India under direct control called the Raj and will last until 1947   Divided into 11 provinces Cabinet in London directed policy  1877 British governor-general who carried out the government’s orders became viceroy  Princes who had treaties were respected  Those states still free would remain independent  Britain gained more control  Britain became more racist

Colonial Impact

 Economies based on cash cops  Roads, harbors and rail systems set up  More for Europeans than locals  Education, health and sanitation improved  Southeast Asia melting pot of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists

China

 Looked down upon foreigners  Qing emperor received English in 1793  English brought gifts (Chinese were not interested)  Agricultural based  Rice, added maize sweet potatoes and peanuts  Used land more effectively- population boom  Mining and manufacturing  Self sufficient

Tea and Opium

 Did not want to trade- allowed in only at two ports  More on exports than imports, drained Britain’s silver supply  British had depleted silver supply found product to hook China    Smuggled in opium- 12 million addicted Qing emperor angry Opium War of 1839- most battles at sea  1842 signed peace treaty, Treaty of Nanjng  Gave island of Hong Kong  1844 US and other foreign citizens gained extraterritorial rights- exception from Chinese law  Opium continued

Internal Problems

 Population grew faster than food production     Famines Government corrupt People became discouraged Rebellions  Taiping Rebellion- led by Hong Xiuquan who had mystical visions.  Influenced by Christianity, Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace  All would share vast wealth and no poverty  Formed army and took Nanjing in 1853  Qing regained control slowly after 14 years of fighting  20 million died

Reform

  Dowager Empress Cixi ruled China   Did set up arsenals to manufacture weapons  Hired foreigners to run them  Imported raw materials from abroad creating an imbalance of trade and lack of quality control Foreign nations took advantage of China’s weaknesses  Committed to traditional values West increased power- sphere of influence- a region where a foreign nation controlled trade and investment  Open Door Policy US protected trading rights of all countries in China

Chinese Nationalism

 Chinese pressed for strong reforms    Guangxu- young emperor who introduced reform in 1898   Overhaul of educational system, strengthened economy, modernize military and steamline government Officials saw it as a threat  Dowager Empress Cixi put him under house arrest and reversed reforms Boxer Rebellion- poor peasants upset and formed Society of Harmonious Fists or the Boxers   Fought against Cixi rule and foreigners 1900 took Beijing  Reform 1905 Cixi sent officials to observe different governments  Began making reforms  Took 20,000 troops to put down National assembly set up

Japan

 Isolated other than trade with China and Dutch and Korea  19 th century foreigners tried to open ports to trade  Matthew Perry used Gunboat Diplomacy to open Japan in 1853  Treaty of Kanagawa- 1854- opened two ports at which American ships could take on supplies   US could set up embassy Other westerners followed

Meiji

 Japanese angry with Shogun  Rallied around Emperor Mutsuhito  1867 Shogun stepped down (first time since 12 th century) and Mutsuhito formed a new government  Meiji – Enlightened Rule  Forced feudal lords to give land to emperor  Sent statesmen abroad to study foreign ways and adapted it  Liked German army and British navy, American educational system  Industrialized quickly and became competitive with the west

Japanese Imperialism

 By 1890 had warships and large army      Strongest military power in Asia Gained military, political and economic strength Abolished extraterritorial rights of foreign nations Attacked Korea in 1876 forcing them trade   Signed agreement with China promising not send in militaries China sent military in 1894 by request of Korea’s king  Japan fought the Chinese in the Sino-Japaanese War and won, taking over parts of Manchuria, Taiwan Russo-Japanese War- Russia and Japan went to war over Manchuria  Japan would recognize Russia’s rights in Manchuria if they stayed out of Korea- Russia refused   1904- Japan easily defeated Russia and 1905 began peace negotiations Japan got Manchuria and Korea

Japan and Korea

 Made Korea a protectorate in 1905     Took more and more power from the government 1907 king of Korea gave up control 1910 Korea was annexed Harsh rulers   Forbade public protest Shut down newspapers and took over schools   Replaced everything with Japanese history Took land away from Korean farmers and gave it to Japanese settlers    Koreans could not go into business in their own country Nonviolent protests put down Did modernize country