Fysiologi - plansjer (pps)
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PHYSIOLOGY AND
PERSONALITY
MEASURES
THEORY
Cato Grønnerød
PSY
FYSIOLOGI OG
PERSONLIGHET
MÅLING
TEORIER
Cato Grønnerød
PSY1006
FYSIOLOGISK TILNÆRMING
Hjernefunksjon
• Temporallappene
• Nevrotransmittere
Autonome nervesystem
• Sympatiske og parasympatiske systemer
Hormonelt system
• Kjønnshormoner
• Adrenalin, kortisol
Eksterne agenter
SHELDON’S PHYSIOLOGICAL
APPROACH TO PERSONALITY
Argued that body type determines
personality
Did not use blind ratings, most later
research failed to replicate
Some work suggesting relationship
between body type and job choice
Physiological personality psychologists
today do not focus on global variables such
as body type
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
HISTORISKE TEORIER
Kroppsvæsker (Galen)
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Flegmatisk: passiv, rolig, tankefull
Sangvinsk: glad, utadvendt og livlig
Kolerisk: ustabil, aggressiv og oppfarende
Melankolsk: nedstemt og pessimistisk
Kroppstyper (Sheldon)
• Ektomorf: intelligente, fryktsomme
• Mesomorf: populære, hardtarbeidende
• Endomorf: glade, late, skjødesløse
PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES
COMMONLY USED IN PERSONALITY
RESEARCH
Electrodermal Activity (Skin Conductance)
Cardiovascular activity
Brain Activity
Other measures: Biochemical analyses of
blood and saliva
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
FYSIOLOGISKE MÅLINGER
Hudmotstand (Skin Conductance,
Electrodermal Activity)
• Elektroder eller sensorer på huden
Kardiovaskulær aktivitet
• Blodtrykk, puls
Hjerneaktivitet
• Elektroencefalografi, fMRI, PET
Biokjemiske analyser av blod og slim
ELECTRODERMAL ACTIVITY (EDA):
SKIN CONDUCTANCE
Most obtained by electrodes or sensors
placed on the skin surface
Advantage: Noninvasive, no discomfort
Disadvantage: Movement constrained
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
ELECTRODERMAL ACTIVITY (EDA):
SKIN CONDUCTANCE
Electrodermal activity—due to increased
sweat with arousal, skin conductance of
electricity increases
Can measure responses to various stimuli,
including sudden noises, emotionally
charged pictures, pain, anxiety, fear, guilt
Some people show EDA in the absence of
external stimuli—associated with anxiety
and neuroticism
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
HUDMOTSTAND (EDA)
Aktivering av autonomt nervesystem
• -> økt aktivitet i svettekjertlene
• -> økt mengde saltvann
• -> økt ledbarhet for strøm
Responser til forskjellige stimuli
• Fight or flight-respons
• Plutselige lyder, emosjonelt ladede bilder, smerte,
angst, frykt, skyldfølelse
HUDMOTSTAND (EDA)
EDA i fravær av eksterne stimuli
• Angst og nevrotisisme
• Fortrengning, ubevisste prosesser?
Fordeler
• Ikke-invaderende
• Kjenner ingenting
Ulemper
• Begrenset bevegelighet
• ”Påklistret” følelse
CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVITY
Blood pressure—measure of, e.g., stress
reactivity
Heart rate—increases with anxiety, fear,
arousal, cognitive effort
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVITY
Cardiac reactivity—greater than normal
increase in blood pressure and heart rate
when performing task such as backward
serial subtraction
• Associated with Type A personality—impatience,
competitiveness, hostility
• Cardiac reactivity (and Type A) associated with
coronary heart disease
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
KARDIOVASKULÆR AKTIVITET
Blodtrykk
• Diastolisk trykk: mellom hjerteslag
• Systolisk trykk: maksimum trykk ved hjerteslag
• Øker ved stress
Puls
• Øker ved fight-flight-aktivering
• angst, frykt, generell aktivering
KARDIOVASKULÆR AKTIVITET
Hjertereaktivitet
• Både blodtrykk og puls øker ved kognitive
anstrengelser
• Særlig koblet med stress
Type A-personlighet
• Fiendtlighet, utålmodighet, konkurranseinnstilling
• Øker risiko for hjerteproblemer
BRAIN ACTIVITY
Brain spontaneously produces small
amounts of electrical activity; can be
measured by electrodes on scalp—
electroencephalograph (EEG)
Evoked potential technique—uses EEG, but
the participant is given a stimulus and the
researcher assess specific brain response
to stimulus
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
BRAIN ACTIVITY
Brain imaging techniques—map structure
and function of brain
• Positron emission tomography (PET)
• Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
HJERNEAKTIVITET
EEG: elektroencefalogram
• Elektroder som registrerer små elektriske signaler i
hjernen
• Aktivitetsmønstre i forskjellige deler av hjernen
• Evoked potential: reaksjoner på stimulering
PET: Positron Emission Tomography
fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging
HJERNEAKTIVITET
Canli et al. (2001)
• fMRI mens personer så på positivt og negativt
emosjonelt ladede bilder
• Nevrotisisme korrelerte med økt aktivering i
temporallappene ved negative bilder
• Ekstroversjon korrelerte med økt aktivering i
temporallappene ved positive bilder
ANDRE FYSIOLOGISKE MÅL
Immunsystem
• Endres ved stress og emosjoner
Testosteron
• Uhemmede, aggressive og risikofylte atferdsmønstre
Kortisol
• Høyere nivåer hos sjenerte barn
MAO: Monoaminoksidase
• Sensation Seeking
PHYSIOLOGICALLY BASED
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Extraversion-Introversion
Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment
Sensation Seeking
Neurotransmitters and Personality
Morningness-Eveningness
Brain Asymmetry and Affective Style
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
FYSIOLOGIBASERTE
FORSKJELLER
FYSIOLOGIBASERTE
PERSONLIGHETSTEORIER
Ekstroversjon-Introversjon
Sensitivitet for belønning og straff
Sensation Seeking
Nevrotransmittere og personlighet
A- og B-mennesker
Hjerneasymmetri og affektiv stil
EXTRAVERSION-INTROVERSION
Measured by Eysenck Personality
Questionnaire (EPQ)
High extraversion: Talkative, outgoing, likes
meeting new people and going to new
places, active, bored easily, hates routine
Low extraversion: Quiet, withdrawn, prefers
being alone or with a few friends to large
crowds, prefers routines, prefers familiar to
unexpected
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
EKSTROVERSJON –
INTROVERSJON
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)
Høy ekstroversjon
• Snakkesalig, utadvendt, liker sosiale sammenhenger
og nye steder, aktiv, kjeder seg lett, hater rutine
Lav ekstroversjon (Introversjon)
• Stille, tilbaketrukket, foretrekker å være alene eller
med få venner, liker rutiner og det kjente frafor det
ukjente
EYSENCK’S THEORY
Introverts have a higher level than
extraverts of activity in the brain’s
ascending reticular activating system
(ARAS)
People strive to keep ARAS activity at
optimal level—introverts work to decrease
and avoid stimulation; extraverts work to
increase and seek out stimulation
EYSENCKS TEORI
Introverte har et høyere aktiveringsnivå i
retikulærsubstansen (RS) enn ekstroverte
Forsøker å holde ARAS-aktivitet på et
optimalt nivå
• Introverte demper og unngår stimulering
• Ekstroverte øker og søker stimulering
EYSENCK’S THEORY
Research indicates that introverts and
extraverts are NOT at different resting
levels, but introverts ARE more reactive to
moderate levels of stimulation than
extraverts
This work led Eysenck to revise his
theory—the difference between introverts
and extraverts lies in arousability, not in
baseline arousal
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
EYSENCKS TEORI
Forsøk viser at introverte og ekstroverte
ikke ligger på forskjellig hvilenivå
Men: introverte er mer reaktive for moderate
stimuleringsnivåer
Eysenck reviderte sin teori
• Forskjellen mellom introverte og ekstroverte ligger i
aktiverbarhet, ikke i hvilenivå
EYSENCK’S THEORY
When given a choice, extraverts prefer
higher levels of stimulation than introverts
Geen (1984): Introverts and extraverts
choose different levels of stimulation, but
equivalent in arousal under chosen
stimulation
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
EYSENCKS TEORI
Når de får velge foretrekker ekstroverte
høyere stimuleringsnivå enn introverte
Geen (1984)
• Introverte og ekstroverte velger forskjellig
stimuleringsnivå
• Ekvivalent aktivering under den valgte stimuleringen
EYSENCKS TEORI: GEEN (1984)
SENSITIVITY TO REWARD AND
PUNISHMENT
Personality based on two hypothesized
brain systems
Behavioral Activation System (BAS):
Responsive to incentives (cues to reward)
and regulates approach behavior
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
FØLSOMHET FOR BELØNNING
OG STRAFF
To systemer i hjernen
Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
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Mottakelig for incentiver, tegn på belønning
Regulerer tilnærmingsatferd
Produserer impulsivitet
Hemmer tilbaketrekning
Øker aktivering jo nærmere målet personen kommer
Lærer best ved belønning
SENSITIVITY TO REWARD AND
PUNISHMENT
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS):
Responsive to cues to punishment,
frustration, uncertainty, and motivates
ceasing, inhibiting, or avoidance behavior
Active BIS produces anxiety, active BAS
produces impulsivity
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
FØLSOMHET FOR BELØNNING
OG STRAFF
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
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Mottakelig for tegn på straff og frustrasjon
Regulerer tilbaketrekkingsatferd
Produserer angst
Hemmer tilnærming
Lærer best ved straff
Under separat nevral kontroll
To ulike læringssystemer
SENSITIVITY TO REWARD AND
PUNISHMENT
Integration with Eysenck’s model: Impulsive
= high extraversion, moderate neuroticism;
Anxious = moderate introversion, high
neuroticism
According to Gray, impulsive people do not
learn well from punishment because of
weak BIS; learn better from reward—
supported by research
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
FØLSOMHET FOR BELØNNING
OG STRAFF
Integrasjon med Eysencks modell
• Høy BAS/Impulsiv = høy ekstroversjon?
• Høy BIS/Engstelig = høy nevrotisisme?
SENSATION SEEKING
Tendency to seek out thrilling, exciting
activities, take risks, avoid boredom
Early sensory deprivation research
Hebb’s theory of optimal level of arousal
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SENSATION SEEKING
Tendens til å oppsøke spennende
aktiviteter, ta risiko, unngå kjedsomhet
Hebbs teori om optimalt aktiveringsnivå
• Hvis underaktivert er aktivering belønnende
• Hvis overaktivert er mindre aktivering belønnende
• Vitalbalanse?
SENSATION SEEKING
Zuckerman: High sensation seekers are less
tolerant of sensory deprivation; require
much stimulation to get to optimal level of
arousal
Zuckerman’s Sensation Seeking Scale
Moderate positive correlation between
extraversion and sensation seeking
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SENSATION SEEKING
Zuckermans modell
• Sensation seekers er mindre tolerante for sensorisk
deprivasjon
• Behøver mye stimulering for å oppnå et optimalt
aktiveringsnivå
• Moderat positiv korrelasjon mellom skårer på
Zuckermans Sensation Seeking Scale og
ekstroversjon
• Høyere sensation seekers
• Opprørspoliti, fallskjermhoppere, spillere
SENSATION SEEKING
Physiological basis for sensation seeking
• Neurotransmitters—chemicals in nerve cells are
responsible for the transmission of nerve impulse
from one cell to another
• Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)—enzyme that maintains
a proper level of neurotransmitters
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND
PERSONALITY
Dopamine—associated with pleasure
Serotonin—associated with depression and
other mood disorders
Norepinepherine—associated with fight or
flight response
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
NEVROTRANSMITTERE
Dopamin
• Assosiert med nytelse, glede, impulsivitet
Serotonin
• Assosiert med depresjon og stemningslidelser, lav
impulsivitet
Norepinefrin
• Assosiert med fight/flight-responsen
SENSATION SEEKING
Physiological basis for sensation seeking
• Too little MAO = too much neurotransmitter; too much
MAO = too little neurotransmitter
• High sensation seekers have low levels of MAO,
producing a need for stimulation to reach the optimal
level of arousal
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SENSATION SEEKING
Monoaminoxidase (MAO)
• Enzym som regulerer signalstoffnivået i
nervesynapsen ved nedbryting
• For mye MAO = for lite signalstoff
• For lite MAO = for mye signalstoff
Høy sensation seeking relatert til lavt MAOnivå i blodet
Lavere hemning og kontroll -> høyere
impulsivitet
• Ikke søking mot optimalt nivå
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND
PERSONALITY
Cloninger’s Tridimensional Personality
Model
• Novelty seeking—low levels of dopamine
• Harm avoidance—low levels of serotonin
• Reward dependence—low levels of norephinepherine
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
NEVROTRANSMITTERE
Cloningers tredimensjonale
personlighetsmodell
• Søking etter noe nytt (novelty seeking): lavt
dopaminnivå
• Unngåelse av skade: lavt serotoninnivå
• Avhengighet av belønning: lavt norepinefrinnivå
Type 4 dopaminreseptorgenet (D4DR)
• Visse kombinasjoner på genet knyttet til novelty
seeking
MORNINGNESS-EVENINGNESS
Being a “morning-type” or “evening-type”
of person is a stable characteristic
Due to differences in underlying biological
rhythms
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MORNINGNESS-EVENINGNESS
Many biological processes fluctuate around
a 24-25 hour cycle—circadian rhythm; e.g.,
body temperature, endocrine secretion
rates
But wide individual differences are in the
circadian rhythm, identified through
temporal isolation studies
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MORNINGNESS-EVENINGNESS
Individuals with shorter circadian rhythms
hit peak body temperature and alertness
earlier in day, get sleepy earlier, than
individuals with longer rhythm
Individuals with shorter rhythm tend to be
morning persons; individuals with longer
rhythms tend to be evening persons
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MORNINGNESS-EVENINGNESS
Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire
Cross-cultural replication and
documentation of stability of characteristic
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
BRAIN ASYMMETRY AND
AFFECTIVE STYLE
Left and right sides of the brain are
specialized, with asymmetry in control of
psychological functions
Using EEG, can measure brain waves, such
as alpha wave—an inverse indicator of brain
activity
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
HJERNEASYMMETRI OG
AFFEKTER
Hjernens høyre og venstre deler er
spesialiserte, kontrollerer forskjellige
psykologiske funksjoner
EEG: alfabølger
• Jevne bølger på 8-12 Hz
• Rolig, avslappet, uoppmerksom
• Invers indikator på hjerneaktivering
BRAIN ASYMMETRY AND
AFFECTIVE STYLE
Left frontal hemisphere is more active than
the right when a person is experiencing
pleasant emotions; right is more active than
left with unpleasant emotions
Patterns replicated in adults, children, and
infants
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
HJERNEASYMMETRI OG
AFFEKTER
Ved positive affekter
• Venstre frontale cortex mer aktiv
Ved negative affekter
• Høyre frontale cortex mer aktiv
Samme mønster funnet hos voksne, barn,
spebarn og aper
BRAIN ASYMMETRY AND
AFFECTIVE STYLE
Research indicates that the tendency to
exhibit asymmetry (favoring left over right,
or right over left activation) is a stable
individual characteristic
Dispositionally positive persons show
greater left frontal EEG activity;
dispositionally negative persons show
greater right frontal EEG activity
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
HJERNEASYMMETRI OG
AFFEKTER
Tendens til å vise asymmetri er en stabil
individuell karakteristikk over tid
Disposisjonelt positive personer (BASpreferanse) viser større venstresidig
aktivitet
Disposisjonelt negative personer (BISpreferanse) viser større høyresidig aktivitet
BRAIN ASYMMETRY AND
AFFECTIVE STYLE
Conclusion: Person’s affective lifestyle may
have origins in, or be predicted by a pattern
of asymmetry in frontal brain activation
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION
Study of personality can be approached
biologically
Two ways to think about how physiological
variables are useful in personality theory
and research…
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
SUMMARY AND EVALUATION
Use physiological measures as variables
that may be correlated with personality
traits
View physiological events as providing
causal substrate for personality trait
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.