Transcript Document 7274841

II. Text Analysis-- Main Idea
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What is the text mainly about?
The passage reveals the relationship between
one’s personality and one’s name. Names can
greatly affect people’s life. On the one hand,
good names give people more self-confidence,
establish favorable images and promote social
status. On the other hand, names result in
prejudices against people both in their daily
contacts with others and in classroom activities.
So if your name doesn’t suit you, you should
change it as soon as possible.
II. Text Analysis-- Structure
Back
How is the text organized?
The passage contains three parts: The first part
introduces the topic—importance of names; the
second explains positive and negative effects of
names on life; and the third concludes the necessity
of changing names. The passage is a typical
example of exposition developed by narration. By
citing a typical example of a woman’s experience
concerning her names, the author directs the
reader’s interest to the topic. Then based on the
analysis of the effects of names on life in the second
part, the author naturally arrives at his conclusion
For details
in the third part.
II. Text Analysis-- Structure
(Paras. 1-3)
The importance of one’s
names in life
(Paras. 4-7)
Positive and negative
effects of one’s names
(Para. 8)
The necessity of
changing one’s names
Back
Based on the
Following
the logical
By citing the story of
narration
of several
line,
the
author
finally
a woman’s experience
anecdotes
(轶
brings
the
articlethe
to a
with her names,
事)concerning
names,
conclusion
with
author naturallythe
the author exemplifies
suggestion
introduces -theif you
the positive and
don’t
feelthe
like your
topic —
negative effects
importance
of names
name,
you
may
caused by namesget
asa
in
life: substitute
A good choice
better
it
social symbols in for
daily
of
names
surely helps
-thus
corresponding
communication:
one
succeed
if only
by
to
the
situation
at
the
ranging from making
adding a bit of selffriends
to evaluating
beginning
of the text.
confidence to one’s
academic
talents.
performance.
II. Text Analysis—Main Idea and Devices for Developing It
Back
Main idea?
Part I
(Paras. 1-3)
A woman known as Debbie changed her
name and consequently won success,
thus suggesting that names affect one’s
Part II
life.
Devices for developing it?
Part III
Citation (引证法)
For details
Back
Citation (引证法)
Starting an argumentation with an example
is a very effective and vivid way to introduce
the topic to be discussed in the passage:
Para. 1: Debbie didn’t feel like her original
name, for it didn’t suit her good looks and
elegant manner.
Para. 2: After she changed her name into
Lynne, she won professional success.
Para. 3: The introduction of the topic: Our
life has more or less relation to our names.
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II. Text Analysis—Main Idea and Devices for Developing It
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Main idea?
Part I
Part II
(Paras. 4-7)
Names really help shape favorable
images and promote interpersonal
relationship. However, names also cause
prejudices both in people’s characters
and in class-work evaluation.
Devices for developing it?
Part III
Exemplification (例证法)
Contrast (对比法)
For details
For details
Exemplification (例证法)
Back
Exemplification(例证法):A series of examples
are cited from the author’s and others’ life
experiences to prove “As his name is, so is he”.
Examples: Positive effects of names
1. Names are related to specific images. If the
author had a more refined name, his name
would have appeared complete on the
magazine.(Para. 4)
2. Names with positive sense encourage new
acquaintances. Many people tend to make
friends with those having good names.
(Para. 5)
For more
Exemplification (例证法)
Back
Exemplification(例证法):A series of examples
are cited from the author’s and others’ life
experiences to prove “As his name is, so is he”.
Examples: Negative effects of names
1. Most people have prejudiced notions about
names. People often confuse names with
some characters. (Para. 6)
2. Prejudices against names also affect
classroom achievement. Some teachers are
inclined to make partial evaluation of their
students’ performance. (Para. 7)
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Contrast (对比法)
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Making contrast (对比法) is a typical method of
paragraph development adopted in this passage
so as to clarify the main points. (Para. 7)
Influences of Names
Viewpoint One:
Apparently, such
prejudices can
affect classroom
achievement as
well.
Viewpoint Two:
However, teacher
prejudice isn’t
the only source of
classroom
difference.
For more
Contrast (对比法)
Back
Viewpoint One: Parts being compared:
The same papers presented by different names.
1. Essays apparently written by boys named Elmer
and Hubert.
2. The same papers when the writer’s names were
given as Michael and David.
Comparison result:
Teachers gave consistently lower grades to
papers with names such as Elmer and Hubert
than to those with names like Michael and
David.
For more
Contrast (对比法)
Back
Viewpoint Two: first comparison:
Parts being compared: Performance abilities of
people with different names.
1. Performance abilities of people with names like
Linda, Diane, Barbara, Carol and Cindy.
2. Performance abilities of people with less
appealing names.
Comparison result:
People with names like Linda, Diane, Barbara
performed better on objectively graded IQ and
achievement tests than those with less appealing
names.
For more
Contrast (对比法)
Back
Viewpoint Two: Second comparison:
Parts being compared: Girls’and boys’ popularity
in connection with the popularity of their names.
1. Girls’ popularity with their peers was related to
the popularity of their names.
2. Boys’ popularity with their peers was related to
the popularity of their names.
Comparison result:
Girls’ popularity in relation to the popularity of
their names is much stronger than boys’
popularity in relation to the popularity of their
names.
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II. Text Analysis—Main Idea and Devices for Developing It
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Main idea?
Part I
If you find your name doesn’t fit
you, the smartest thing for you to
Part II
Part III
(Para. 8)
do is to get a better substitute for it.
Devices for developing it?
Suggestion-advancing (建议法)
For details
Suggestion-advancing (建议法)
Back
Concluding a passage through making
suggestion as to the problems in question
is a commonly-used method of ending .
In this passage, based on the analysis
made in the previous part, the author
naturally comes to his conclusion by
putting forward some suggestion about
the problems many people face with: if
you don’t feel like your name, change it.
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III. Expressions & Patterns
A. Expressions
1. to feel like
2. to substitute A for B
3. to feel comfortable
with
4. to take sth./sb.
seriously
5. to add selfconfidence to
6. throughout history
>>>more
B. Patterns for you
to use as models
1. Typical patterns for
emphasizing sth.
2. Typical patterns for
adding something
unfavorable
3. Typical patterns for
providing evidence
>>>more
III. Expressions & Patterns
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7. to be descriptive of
15. to be ill at ease
8. for better or worse
16. free from
9. to convey to
17. to be guilty of
10. to attach sth. to sth.
else
18. to project sth. on sb.
11. to work for
12. to encourage new
acquaintances
13. to turn down
14. to press for
19. to take charge of
20. to push sb. to do sth.
21. to perform well on
sth.
22. to stick with ...
III. Expressions & Patterns
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1. 想要，喜欢
 to feel like (L. 3)
活学活用
和过去相比，今天的年轻人
一旦不喜欢目前的工作，他
们享有更多的机会选择自己
喜爱的工作。
Different from the past, the young people
today enjoy more opportunities to seek their
favorite jobs once they don’t feel like their
present ones.
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2. 用Ａ代替Ｂ
 to substitute A for B
(L. 5)
活学活用
由于主力队员的意外
受伤，教练只好用替
补队员来代替他。
Because of the unexpected injury of the
leading player, the coach had to substitute
the reserve player for him.
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3. 对······感到舒服
 to feel comfortable with… (L. 6)
活学活用
几个月后，他适应了新环
境中的生活，并对这里的
一切感到舒服。
Several months later, he got used to the life in
the new environment and felt comfortable with
everything here .
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4. 认真/严肃地对待某事 / 某人
 to take sth./sb. seriously (L. 7)
活学活用
起初，没有人把她放在眼
里，然而她完美的表演使
所有的评委大为惊叹。
At the beginning, nobody took her seriously,
but at sight of her perfect performance all the
judges were filled with wonder.
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5. 增加对 ······ 的信心
 to add self-confidence to… (L. 11)
活学活用
神州五号的巨大成功使中
国航天人对自己探索太空
的能力更有信心。
The great success of ShenZhou 5 space-flight
added more confidence to the talents of
Chinese aerospace researchers and working
staff to explore space.
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6. 从古至今
 throughout history (L. 12)
活学活用
从古至今，孝敬老人一直是
中华民族的传统美德。
Throughout history, being filial and respectful
to the elders has been a traditional virtue of
the Chinese nation.
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7. 是对······的真实写照
 to be descriptive of… (L. 16)
活学活用
全心全意为人民服务、任
劳任怨是对这位老党员的
真实写照。
It is descriptive of the senior party member to
serve the people with all one’s heart and stand
the strain of labor and injustice.
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8. 无论结果好坏
 for better or worse (L. 20)
活学活用
无论结果好坏，只要尽
力了，就无怨无悔。
For better or worse, you won’t feel regret as
long as you have done everything in your
power.
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9. 传递，表达
 to convey to (L. 23)
活学活用
尽管只有寥寥数语，我这
张小小贺年卡却向你传递
着我的真情与祝福。
My little New Year card, with just a few lines
on it, conveys to you my true feelings and
good wishes.
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10. 使······与······相关联
 to attach ... to… (L. 24)
活学活用
无可否认，最终的胜利与
他们的精诚团结与合作密
不可分。
There is no denying that the ultimate victory
is closely attached to their unity and
cooperation in all sincerity.
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11. 对······有益
 to work for… (L. 31)
活学活用
扎实的专业知识和灵活
的应变能力将使你终身
受益。
A solid foundation of special knowledge and
ready adaptability will work for all your life.
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12. 有助于（鼓励）结识新朋友
 to encourage new acquaintances (L. 31)
活学活用
开朗的性格使人容易相
处，并有助于他/她所
到之处结交新朋友。
An open and communicative character makes
a person easy to get on with and encourages
new acquaintances where he or she goes.
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13. 拒绝，驳回
 to turn down (L. 34)
活学活用
尽管申请屡次遭到拒绝，
但她从不放弃。这使那位
老板深为感动，最终还是
把机会给了她。
Her application had been turned down repeatedly,
but she never gave up, which moved the boss so
deeply as to afford her the chance at last.
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14. 紧急请求，要求
 to press for (L. 35)
活学活用
一接到紧急求救信号，总
部立刻派遣大量警察到事
发地点，开始救援工作。
On hearing the signal of pressing for help,
the headquarters immediately sent a large
number of policemen to the spot of the
accident to set about rescue work.
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15. 不自在，困窘
 to be ill at ease (L. 37)
活学活用
初次参加如此庄重而又
盛大的晚会，她感到有
点不自在。
Attending such a formal and magnificent
party for the first time, she felt somewhat ill
at ease.
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16. 免受······影响的
 free from… (L. 38)
活学活用
生活中的烦恼不可避免，然而，
如何使自己的心情不为所困要
取决于你对此持什么样的态度。
Troubles are always inevitable in your life, but
how to keep your mind free from them depends
on what attitudes you hold towards them.
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17. 对······有罪责
 to be guilty of… (L. 39)
活学活用
面对剧增的青少年犯罪，该
怪谁？家庭？学校？事实上，
整个社会对此都有罪责。
Who are to blame for a sharp increase in the
teenage crime? Families? Schools? In fact, the
whole society is guilty of this trend.
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18. 把······加在某人身上
 to project ... on sb. (L. 40)
活学活用
由于缺乏对孩子的了解，一些
家长常常把自己的一厢情愿加
在孩子身上，从而加大了代沟。
For lack of knowledge about their children,
some parents tend to project their wishful ideas
on the children, thus widening the generation
gap.
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19. 对······负责
 to take charge of… (L. 42)
活学活用
这次事故造成了极其恶劣的
社会影响，因此这项工程的
负责人受到了严厉的惩处。
The accident produced a very bad impact on
the society, so those who took charge of the
project were severely punished.
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20. 促使某人干某事
 to push sb. to do sth. (L. 44)
活学活用
严峻的就业形势促使学生
们更加刻苦，从而使自己
在未来更具竞争力。
The grave situation of employment is pushing
the students to work harder so as to make
themselves more competitive in the future.
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21. 在······方面做得好
 to perform well on ... (L. 52)
活学活用
应试英语教学的问题是显而易
见的：许多客观测试做得好的
学生语言交际能力却很差。
The problem with the examination-oriented
English teaching is obvious: many students who
perform pretty well on objective tests are rather
poor in verbal communication.
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22. 坚持······ /无法摆脱······
 to stick with… / to be stuck with… (L. 58)
活学活用
失败并不可怕。只要你坚
持不懈，就一定能够成功。
There is nothing fearful
about failure. As long as
you stick with your efforts,
you are bound to succeed.
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1. Typical patterns for emphasizing sth.:
原句: Naturally, the name change didn’t cause
Debbie / Lynne’s professional achievement —but
it surely helped if only by adding a bit of selfconfidence to her talents. (L. 10)
当然，戴比（或林恩）的职业成就并不是改名
带来的，但是这肯定给她带来了好处，虽说改
名字仅使她对自己的才能增加了一点自信。
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句型提炼
Naturally, sb. / sth. does not cause /
lead to / result in… — but sb. / sth.
surely helps if only by doing….
当然，某一结果并不是由某人或某物带
来的，但这肯定给某人带来好处/坏处，
虽说仅仅是······
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应用：a. 当然，仅有乐观
态度还不能确保你生活幸
福，但它的确会给你带来
好处，虽说仅仅是改变了
你对生活的态度。
Naturally, optimism alone does not ensure
you a happy life—but it surely helps if only by
changing your attitude toward life.
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应用：b. 当然，一事无成
的后果并不是漫不经心所
致, 但它的确会给你带来
坏处，虽说仅仅是对你的
表现产生了一点点影响。
Naturally, carelessness does not lead to your
failure in everything — but it surely has negative
effects if only by leaving a bit of its mark on your
behavior.
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2. Typical patterns for adding sth. unfavorable:
原句: Yet , despite this disadvantage, I did
manage to become an art critic for a time. Even
so, one prominent magazine consistently
refused to print “Joe” in my by-line, using my
first initials, J.S., instead. (L. 27)
然而，尽管有此不利，我确实曾一度设法成为
了一名评论家。即使如此，一家著名的杂志一
直拒绝把“乔”作为我的文章的作者署名，而
是用我名字的首字母J.S来代替它。
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句型提炼
Despite… / For all…, sb. did manage to do
sth.. Even so, sb. else refuses to…, doing
sth. else instead.
尽管······，某人设法做了某事。即使如此，
他人仍拒绝 ······，而是······
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应用：a. 尽管薪金低，工
作条件差，他还是圆满地完
成了任务。即使如此，老板
也没有提拔他，而是不公正
地对待他。
Despite the low salary and bad working
conditions, he did manage to finish his task
perfectly. Even so, the boss refuses to get him
promoted, treating him unfairly instead.
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应用：b. 尽管困难重重，中国设法改善了人民生
活条件，确保了人民的合法权益。即使如此，一
些西方国家打着人权的旗号，拒绝投我国人权现
状的赞成票，而是横加指责。
For all various difficulties, China has managed
to improve people’s living conditions and
guarantee their legal rights. Even so, some
western countries, under the cover of human
rights, refuse to vote for the status of our civil
rights, making unfounded charges instead.
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3. Typical patterns for providing evidence:
原句: A recent survey showed that American
men thought Susan to be the most attractive
female name, while women believed Richard
and David were the most attractive for men.
(L. 32)
最新调查表明：美国男人认为苏珊是最有吸引力
的女性名字，而女性则认为查里德和戴维是男人
中最有吸引力的名字。
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句型提炼
A recent (latest ) survey (study / investigation /
poll) (conducted / done / taken by…) shows
(reveals / indicates / finds) that sb. thinks…,
while sb. else believes…
最新调查表明：某人认为······ ，而其他人则
认为······
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应用：a. 最近对大学毕业生做
的一次调查表明：为数不少的人
认为高薪水非常重要，而大多数
人则认为找一个有意义的工作，
做些有趣的事更重要。
A latest survey conducted among college
graduates shows that quite a few people think a
high salary is of great importance, while most
of them believe doing something worthwhile
and enjoyable at work is more important.
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应用：b. 社会学家做的一项调查
表明：多数年轻人认为他们信守传
统观念，而另有一些人认为为了家
庭和孩子牺牲个人的幸福不值得。
A poll conducted by sociologists indicates that
most young people think they remain true to the
traditional values, while some others regard it
as of little worth to sacrifice personal happiness
for the sake of the family and children.
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V. Exercises
Comprehension
《读写教程2》 EX: II, P. 153
《读写教程2》 EX: III, P. 153
Vocabulary
《读写教程2》 EX: IV, P. 154
《读写教程2》 EX: V, P. 154
Word Building
《读写教程2》 EX: VI, P. 155
《读写教程2》 EX: VII, P. 156
Structure
《读写教程2》 EX: VIII, P. 156
《读写教程2》 EX: IX, P. 157
Translation
《读写教程2》 EX: X, P. 157
V. Exercises — Comprehension
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《读写教程 2》: Ex. II, p. 153
II. Answer the following questions.
1. Did Debbie like her former name? Why? Or
why not?
No, she didn’t like her former name
Debbie, because it didn’t suit her good
looks and elegant manner, and it made
her think she should be a cook.
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2. According to Debbie, what difference did
it make when she substituted her middle
name, Lynne, for her first name Debbie?
She felt more comfortable with herself
and other people started to take her more
seriously.
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3. What did the writer think of Debbie’s name
change?
The writer thinks that the name change
didn’t cause Debbie’s professional
achievement, but it surely helped by adding
a bit of self-confidence to her talents.
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4. According to the writer, why did one
prominent magazine consistently refuse to
print “Joe” in his by-line?
The writer thought that, to other people, his
name, Joe, made him more qualified to be a
baseball player than an art critic. He also
suspected that if he were a more refined
Arthur or Adrian, the name would have
appeared complete.
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5. In Paragraph 5, why was the woman ill at ease?
The woman was ill at ease because the
man to whom she wanted the writer to
introduce her was the same person with
whom she once turned down a blind date
because of his name.
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V. Exercises — Comprehension
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6. Why did the writer say that we were all guilty
of name stereotyping to some extent?
We often project name-based stereotypes on
people. For example, one of the writer’s
women friends confessed that while taking
charge of a nursery-school’s group of fouryear-olds, she had their personalities
confused because of their names.
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V. Exercises — Comprehension
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7. How can name-based prejudices affect
classroom achievement?
One study showed that teachers gave
consistently lower grades on essays supposed
to have been written by boys with less
appealing names than they awarded to the
same papers when the writers were given
better-sounding names.
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V. Exercises — Comprehension
8. According to the writer, what can you do if
your name doesn’t seem to fit you?
With some determination, you can change
your name.
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V. Exercises — Vocabulary
Back
《读写教程 2》: Ex. III, p. 153
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given
below. Change the form where necessary.
characteristic
confess
application
substitute
confidence
qualify
reserve
approval
prominent
extent
label
award
1. I have a packed time-table this week. Could
you _________
substitute for me at the meeting at the
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head office?
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V. Exercises — Vocabulary
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characteristic
confess
application
substitute
confidence
qualify
reserve
approval
prominent
extent
label
award
2. The new project is expected to start early
next year; it has won the ________
approval of the
board.
3. Though you failed in this job interview, you
should trust yourself. It’s sad that one lacks
confidence in himself.
_________
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V. Exercises — Vocabulary
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characteristic
confess
application
substitute
confidence
qualify
reserve
approval
prominent
extent
label
award
4. He is only 30 years old, but he has become a
__________
prominent surgeon in this city.
5. Martin Luther King Jr. was ________
awarded the
1964 Nobel Peace Prize for advocating the
nonviolence policy in the movement for
citizen rights.
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V. Exercises — Vocabulary
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characteristic
confess
application
substitute
confidence
qualify
reserve
approval
prominent
extent
label
award
6. Although you have graduated from the
university, a first degree in English does not
qualify you to teach English.
_______
characteristic of Mr.
7. Generosity is really ____________
Johnson; he has offered to buy the air
tickets to New York for all of us.
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V. Exercises — Vocabulary
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characteristic
confess
application
substitute
confidence
qualify
reserve
approval
prominent
extent
label
award
8. The unemployed engineer wrote a dozen
___________
applications for jobs but got nothing.
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V. Exercises — Vocabulary
Back
《读写教程 2》: Ex. IV, p. 154
IV. Save these sentences! Some students try to
use an expression from the text—but they
have got all the prepositions or adverbs
mixed up. Correct all the sentences, using
expressions from the text. Then put a
definition, a substitute word or synonym
or translation of the corrected expression
in the space provided.
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1. Please fill on this form, giving your name,
age, and address.
Correct form: fill out
Synonym: fill in
2. Since I had given his offer plenty of thought
before I accepted it, I feel comfortable on
my decision.
Correct form: feel comfortable with
Synonym: feel comfortable about
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V. Exercises — Vocabulary
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3. In order to improve people’s living
standard, we should attach first
importance on the development of the
economy.
Correct form: attach first importance to;
Translation: 认为……重要， 把……放
在第一位
4. Because we don’t want to be too friendly
with the Smiths, we politely turned off their
invitation.
Correct form: turned down
Synonym: rejected, refused
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V. Exercises — Vocabulary
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5. When he noticed my hesitation, he came
on me and said: “Come on, John.”
Correct form: came up to/came to
Definition: came near, approached until
standing close to
6. I don’t know whether to accept this new job,
and the company is pressing me with a
decision.
Correct form: pressing me for
Definition: demand insistently from (sb.)
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V. Exercises — Vocabulary
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7. She quarreled with him because he
wanted to project his own thoughts and
ideas into her.
Correct form: project… on/onto
Definition: cause (one’s own feelings or
thoughts) to be experienced
by others
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V. Exercises — Vocabulary
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8. During the summer holiday many relatives
came to Shanghai to see the sights. We were
stuck by unexpected visitors.
Correct form: were stuck with
Translation: 不得不接待，被迫接待
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V. Exercises — Word Building
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《读写教程 2》: Ex. V, p. 154
V. The prefixes in-, im-, il- and ir- are added to
adjectives to make them negative in meaning.
For example,
in- + complete —— incomplete: not complete
ir- + responsible —— irresponsible: not responsible
Now add these prefixes to the adjectives listed
below to make them negative and then complete
the following sentences with some of these words.
There are more words than are needed.
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sensitive
polite
appropriate
consistent
direct
logical
regular
patient
capable
proper
correct
responsible
1. They have been out of job for too long and
they each have a large family to support.
impatient for
That explains why they are so _________
jobs and security.
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V. Exercises — Word Building
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sensitive
polite
appropriate
consistent
direct
logical
regular
patient
capable
proper
correct
responsible
2. Since I know that to use money in the project
will be a risk, it would be irresponsible
___________ of me
not to advise my company to give up the
project.
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V. Exercises — Word Building
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sensitive
polite
appropriate
consistent
direct
logical
regular
patient
capable
proper
correct
responsible
3. An exchange of views which contains
contradictions is ___________.
inconsistent
4. There is nothing direct to show that he is
guilty of the crime. So far all the evidence is
indirect
only _______.
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V. Exercises — Word Building
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sensitive
polite
appropriate
consistent
direct
logical
regular
patient
capable
proper
correct
responsible
insensitive of you to tell her
5. It was very __________
about your pay raise when she has been
unemployed since last year.
6. Joking with everyone at this official
celebration is ______________________
improper/inappropriate
behavior for such a serious occasion.
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V. Exercises — Word Building
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sensitive
polite
appropriate
consistent
direct
logical
regular
patient
capable
proper
correct
responsible
7. What do you think of your chemistry
instructor?
incapable of doing any real
Oh, she’s _________
teaching and she’s so boring .
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V. Exercises — Word Building
Back
sensitive
polite
appropriate
consistent
direct
logical
regular
patient
capable
proper
correct
responsible
8. The young woman has a very little child to
look after and she does not like such
irregular working hours.
________
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V. Exercises — Word Building
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《读写教程 2》: Ex. VI, p. 155
VI.
The prefix un- is added to adjectives to make
them negative in meaning. For example,
un- + wise —— unwise: not wise
un- + forgettable —— unforgettable: not forgettable
The prefix can also be added to verbs to mean
the opposite of [verb]. For example,
un- + dress —— undress: do the opposite of
dressing, take off clothes
un- + tie —— untie: do the opposite of tying,
undo the tie
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Now add un- to the following adjectives or verbs
to form new words and then complete the
following sentences with some of the new words.
tidy
load
do
reasonable
fashionable
recognizable
fold
cover
grateful
limited
noticeable
certain
1. I have been working without any break for
24 hours. It is ____________
unreasonable to expect me to
work all night again today.
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V. Exercises — Word Building
tidy
load
do
reasonable
fashionable
recognizable
Back
fold
cover
grateful
limited
noticeable
certain
unfolded a large map and spread it on
2. She ________
the table.
3. I had a long talk with him yesterday, but
uncertain about his intentions.
I’m still _________
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V. Exercises — Word Building
tidy
load
do
reasonable
fashionable
recognizable
Back
fold
cover
grateful
limited
noticeable
certain
4. After a two-month enquiry, the police have
_________
uncovered a plot to rob the bank.
5. You have done so much for him, but he
never expresses any thanks. How could you
put up with such __________
ungrateful behavior?
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V. Exercises — Word Building
tidy
load
do
reasonable
fashionable
recognizable
Back
fold
cover
grateful
limited
noticeable
certain
6. The British ship arrived at the port last
week and is _________
unloading its contents in the
harbor now.
7. We should economize on oil, because the
supply of a natural resource is never
_________.
unlimited
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V. Exercises — Word Building
tidy
load
do
reasonable
fashionable
recognizable
Back
fold
cover
grateful
limited
noticeable
certain
8. They had been working on the project since
January, but a terrible fire last week _____
months
undid of hard work.
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V. Exercises — Structure
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《读写教程 2》: Ex. VII, p. 156
VII. The underlined part in each of the
examples below is independent of the other
parts of the sentence in terms of grammar.
Independent elements are often set off by
commas or dashes.
Naturally, the name change didn’t cause
Debbie/Lynne’s professional achievement.
Apparently, such prejudices can affect
classroom achievement as well.
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Identify the independent elements in the
following sentences, and then translate the
sentences into Chinese.
1. Most important, once you set a goal you
have to work for it with great determination.
最重要的是，一旦确立了目标，你就要以
极大的决心去为之努力。
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2. Many students in medical school are, strictly
speaking, studying for their parents.
从严格意义上来说，许多医学院的学生
是在为他们的父母而学习。
3. To tell the truth, teachers are also under
enormous pressure.
老实说，老师们也有很大压力。
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4. The problem, in other words, lies in society as
a whole.
换句话说，问题在于整个社会。
5. Obviously, television has both advantages and
disadvantages.
显然，电视有优点也有缺点。
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V. Exercises — Structure
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《读写教程 2》: Ex. VIII, p. 156
VIII. Study the model and rewrite each of the
following sentences with the –ing
participle clause with a conjunction or
without a conjunction.
Model:
day,
whileout
sheanwas
filling out an
One day,One
while
filling
application
application
form forjob,
a publishing
form
for a publishing
the young job, the
youngimpulsively
woman impulsively
substituted
her
woman
substituted
her middle
middle
name,
forname
her first
name
name,
Lynne,
forLynne,
her first
Debbie.
Debbie.
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V. Exercises — Structure
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1. While I was waiting at the doctor’s, I read
the whole of a short story.
While waiting at the doctor’s, I read
the whole of a short story.
2. After you have used the brush, put it in
its proper place.
After using the brush, put it in its
proper place.
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3. Before he was in the army, he was an engineer.
Before being in the army, he was an engineer.
4. If you work hard, you will succeed.
Working hard, you will succeed.
5. If weather permits, the match will be played
on Wednesday.
Weather permitting, the match will be played
on Wednesday.
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V. Exercises — Translation
Back
《读写教程 2》: Ex. IX, p. 157
IX. Translate the following into English.
1.她误解了自己最好的朋友，感到非常内疚。
misunderstand
be/feel very guilty
about doing sth.
She was very guilty about having
misunderstood her best friend.
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V. Exercises — Translation
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2.她容貌秀美，举止优雅，很吸引人。
good looks
elegant manners
Her good looks and elegant manners are
very attractive.
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3.显然，他总以为自己的学历和工作经历肯
定会给人深刻的印象，但实际并非如此。
take it for
educational background
granted that… and work experience
Obviously, he takes it for granted that his
educational background and work
experience are surely impressive. But
actually they are not.
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V. Exercises — Translation
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4. 他引用一位著名艺术评论家的话，为自
己的绘画才能增加一点自信心。
by quoting from a
well-known art critic
add a bit of selfconfidence to
By quoting from a well-known art critic, he
tried to add a bit of self-confidence to his
talents.
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V. Exercises — Translation
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5.每个学生都有自己的不同特点---友善或拘
谨，长相平平或漂亮妩媚。老师不应该歧视
中间任何人。
be prejudiced against
plainness or
charm
friendliness or
reserve
Every student has his or her characteristic
qualities, such as friendliness or reserve,
plainness or charm. A teacher should not be
prejudiced against any of them.
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V. Exercises — Translation
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《读写教程 2》: Ex. X, p. 157
X. Translate the following into Chinese.
1. As soon as I stopped calling myself Debbie,
I felt more comfortable with myself…and
other people started to take me more
seriously.
我一停止称自己为戴比，我就对自己感到
比较舒服了······ 而且其他人也开始更认真
地对待我了。
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2. For better or worse, qualities such as
friendliness or reserve, plainness or charm
may be suggested by your name and
conveyed to other people before they even
meet you.
不管是好是歹，诸如友好或拘谨，相貌平
常或富有魅力等特征已经由你的名字暗示
出来，并传达给别人，甚至是在他们见到
你之前。
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3. Names become attached to specific images, as
anyone who’s been called “a plain Jane” or
“just an average Joe” can show.
名字已成为特定形象的组成部分, 任何一个
被称为“相貌平常的珍妮”或“普普通通的
乔”的人都能证明这一点。
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4. Though most of us would like to think
ourselves free from such prejudiced notions,
we’re all guilty of name stereotyping to some
extent.
虽然我们中大多数人会认为自己没有这样
的偏见，但在某种程度上，我们都有对名
字产生固定看法的毛病。
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V. Exercises — Translation
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5. A companion study showed girls’ popularity
with their peers was also related to the
popularity of their names—although the
connection was less clear for boys.
一个与之配套的研究表明：女孩受同龄人欢
迎的程度也与她们的名字受欢迎的程度有关
系。虽然对男孩来说这种关系不太明显。
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VI. Paragraph Writing
On the Causal Relations of Sth. to Sth. Else
通过因果关系说明使读者了解
事物的成因,并从中有所顿悟。
（因果关系说明）
写作模式
参考范文
VI.
Paragraph Writing
Back
写作模式（因果关系说明）
1) A closer / deeper / further study /
analysis / diagnosis of… can find that sth.
has much relation to the major factors as
follows. 2) In the first place, it is the
product of ... (因果关系说明I) 3) As a
growing body of evidence reveals,… (进一
步说明) 4) In the second, it is the result of
（划线部分可替换）
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VI.
Paragraph Writing
... (因果关系说明II) 5) In the face of… /
In response to…,… (进一步说明) 6) And
most of all, it is the effect of… (因果关系
说明III) 7) No matter what may happen
to / become of…, ... (进一步说明) 8) In
sum,… in combination with… can almost
always lead to ... (结论句)
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（划线部分可替换）
Back
VI.
Paragraph Writing
Back
On Success
通过因果关系说明，阐
述成功的主要因素。
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VI.
Paragraph Writing
Back
On Success
1) A closer analysis of the top achievers’
success can find that their success has much
relation to the common factors as follows. 2)
In the first place, it is the product of their
readiness to capture the fleeting but bright
ideas. 3) As a growing body of evidence reveals,
what separates the average person from the
top achievers is the ability to
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VI.
Paragraph Writing
Back
encourage creative impulses and then act upon
them. 4) In the second, it is the result of their
effective adjustments to the changing world. 5)
In response to difficulties and challenges, they
manage to bring into play all the positive factors,
such as changing their plain names, striking a
balance between work and leisure, and
motivating themselves in adversity. 6) And most
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VI.
Paragraph Writing
Back
of all, it is the effect of their perseverance in
their struggle for success. 7) No matter what
may happen to their pursuits, nothing can pull
them away from striving toward their goals. 8)
In sum, unyielding efforts in combination with
the effective reaction to bright ideas and
adaptive ability can almost always lead to
success.
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THE END
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Text
人如其名
Para. 1 在她人生最初的24年里，人们一直
叫她黛比---一个和她漂亮的容貌和优雅的
风度不相配的名字。“我的名字老是使我觉
得自己应该是一个女厨子,” 她抱怨道。“我
真的不想要黛比这个名字。”
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Text
Para. 2
一天，在填写一张申请一个出版业
工作职位的表格时，这位小姐一时冲动, 用她
的中名林恩替换了她的名字黛比。“这是我一
生中干过的最漂亮的事,” 现在她对人这样说。
“我一停止称自己为黛比，我就对自己感到比
较舒坦了······ 而且其他人也开始更认真地对待
我了。”在成功地通过那次工作面试两年后，
这位昔日的女服务员现在成了一位成功的杂志
编辑。 朋友和同事们都叫她林恩。
Text
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Para. 3a 当然， 黛比 (或林恩) 的职业成就
并不是改名带来的，但是它肯定给她带来了
好处，虽说改名仅使她对自己的才能增加了
一点点自信。社会科学家认为你叫什么名字
会影响你的生活。自古至今，名字不仅被用
来识别人，而且也被用来描述人。(待续)
Text
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Para. 3b （续）圣经上说： “······人如其
名 ······”，此外韦伯斯特大词典也对名字作了
如下的定义：“表达某种特点的一个或几个字,
这种特点被认为反映了某人或某事的本质、或
描述了某人某事，常表示嘉许或不喜欢的意
思。” 请好好注意这几个词：“嘉许或不喜
欢。” 不管是好是歹，诸如友好或拘谨，相貌
平常或漂亮妩媚等品质特征已经和你的名字连
在了一起，甚至在他人见到你这个人之前就已
经知道了你的这些品质。
Text
Para. 4a
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名字已成为特定形象的组成部分,
任何一个被称为“相貌平常的珍妮”或“普
普通通的乔”的人都能证明这一点。后面的
那个名字特别使我烦恼，因为我的名字也叫
乔。有些人认为这个名字使我更适合于做一
个棒球运动员而不是，比如说，艺术评论家。
(待续)
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Text
Para. 4b (续)
然而，尽管有此不利，我确
实曾一度设法成了一名评论家。即使如此，
一家著名杂志一直拒绝把“乔”作为我的文章
的作者署名，而是用我名字的首字母 J.S.
来代替它。我怀疑假如我的名字是比较文雅
的阿瑟、或艾德里安的话，我的名字早已完
整地出现在杂志上了。
Text
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当然, 有积极含义的名字对你是有好处
的，甚至能促进你结交新友。最新调查表明：美国
男人认为苏珊是最有吸引力的女性名字，而女人则
认为理查德和戴维是男人中最有吸引力的名字。我
认识一个女人，她拒绝了一次由第三方安排的、与
一个叫哈里的男人的约会，因为“这人听上去没劲”。
可就在几天后的一个晚间聚会上，她走到我身边，
催逼着我把她介绍给一个给人以深刻印象的男人；
他们俩人整个晚上都在互送秋波。“哦，” 我说，
Para. 5
“你指的是哈里呀。”她听了后感到很尴尬。
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Text
Para. 6a
虽然我们中大多数人会认为自己
没有这样的偏见，但在某种程度上，我们都
有对名字产生固定看法的毛病。老老实实地
坦白：你碰到一个名叫奈杰尔的木匠会不会
感到惊讶呢？或是一个叫伯撒的物理学家呢？
或是一个叫梅尔的教皇呢？
(待续)
Text
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Para. 6b (续) 正如我的一位女性朋友在照看
一批托儿所里的四岁儿童时所发现的那样,
我们常常把由名字引起的固定想法加到他人
身上。“在托儿所里,有一次我想叫一个名字
为朱利安的、活跃的小男孩静静地坐下来看
书, 同时把一个喜欢沉思的、名叫罗里的孩
子推出去打球。因为他们的名字，我把他们
的性格给搞混了！”
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Text
Para. 7a
很明显，这样的偏见也会影响课
堂效果。在一项由圣迭戈州立大学的赫伯特·哈
拉里及乔治亚州立大学的约翰·麦克戴维主持的
研究中，与名叫迈克和戴维的作文卷子相比，
教师老是给卷上名字为埃尔默和休伯特的男孩
写的文章打较低的分数,实际这是同样的两份卷
子。
(待续)
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Para. 7b (续)
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但是教师的偏见不是造成
课堂得分差别的唯一原因。坦普尔大学的托马
斯·V·巴斯博士和路易莎·塞雷达里恩发现：那
些名叫琳达、戴安娜、芭芭拉、卡罗尔及辛迪
之类的女孩们在评分客观公正的智力测验和学
业成绩测验中的成绩比那些名字不太有吸引力
的女孩要好。（一个与之配套的研究表明：女
孩受同龄人欢迎的程度也与她们的名字受欢迎
的程度有关系。虽然对男孩来说这种关系不太
明显。）
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Para. 8
虽然你父母很可能打算让你一辈
子都用这个名字，但记住, 他们选这个名字
的时侯，也许还没有见过你呢。而且, 当他
们选择这个名字时，他们所重视的希望和梦
想也许不符合你的希望和梦想。假如你的名
字看上去不再跟你相配时，不要苦恼；你不
必一辈子用这个名字。影星们经常改名，而
且是怀着某种决心这样做的，你也可以这样
做。