Transcript COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN URBAN COMMUNITY James Wong kamin Pengarah

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
IN URBAN COMMUNITY
James Wong kamin
Pengarah
Jabatan Perpaduan Negara
Wilayah Persekutuan
Sept 2003
WORKING IN THE URBAN COMMUNITY

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Community development work
Starting work in the community
STEP ONE: BUILD RAPPORT
STEP TWO: ASSESS COMMUNITY NEEDS
STEP THREE: DECIDE ON PRIORITIES
STEP FOUR: ORGANISE THE COMMUNITY
STEP FIVE: IDENTIFY RESOURCES
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Planning and implementing the project
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Training
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Monthly plans and yearly plans
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Team work and coordination with other agencies
PART A
WHAT IS
COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
WORK
Some objectives
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…to bring changes in the social and economic conditions
of the area, so that the residents can have better living
conditions/ environment.
…to make the resident work together, instill confident,
democracy and self reliant.
…empower communities to bring changes to their own
location.
…to build capacity and add value to community projects.
PART B
WHAT TO EXPECT IN
THE COMMUNITY
1.Nature of urban community
who are they – race, religion, culture, background, age,
male/ female ration;
what are they – occupation, education, income, skills, place
of work;
where are they – place of resident;
URBAN COMMUNITIES ARE NOT HOMOGENEOUS
2.Reluctance of residents to work
with community development
worker
- outsider, suspicion, threat, ulterior motives;
- treat your ideas with little enthusiasm;
- people are hesitant to change/ comfort zone;
- don’t take risk;
- mistrust
BUILDING A TRUSTING RELATIONSHIP TAKES
TIME AND PATIENCE
3.Your presence in the community
raises expectation
- community expects changes, benefits,
programs and facilities.
DO NOT MAKE PROMISES YOU
CANNOT DELIVER
(remember angle of frustration)
4.Conflicts and problems in the community
(within the community and between the
community and outside agencies)
-
because
because
because
because
of
of
of
of
differences between people;
varied interests;
political beliefs;
leadership positions.
MUST BE AWARE AND SENSITIVE
TO CONFLICTS
5.Physical conditions
-
your place of stay;
your life style;
your health;
6.Personal satisfaction as a
community development worker
-
working with people;
improving social conditions;
changing and motivating people people;
sincere;
CHANGE COMES SLOWLY. EXPECT
PROBLEMS AND OBSTACLES.
PART C
1.Abilities necessary…..

Abilities to relate and work with the
community
………..interact and build rapport
…………establish good relationship
……………understand the felt needs
………………motivate and organise people
…………………..promote participation
abilities necessary (cont)
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Abilities to share
skills to gain
credibility
…..specific skills
…….professional skills
Abilities necessary (cont)
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Abilities to coordinate
resources and agencies
……locate resources
………link resources
………….network resources
…………….synergise resources
2.Attitudes – a key factor
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Commitment to work
…….real interest in
helping people
Sensitivity to
traditions/ cultural
practices
……..social practices,
traditions, cultures,
languages of the
community
Attitudes – a key factor
(cont)
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Respect for people
…….their ideas, abilities, opinions
Friendly attitude
…….warmth, friendly, patience,
approachable, caring, interested
Attitudes – a key factor
(cont)
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Willingness to learn
…….listen
…….understand what people say and
learn from them
Adjustment to local customs
……..local customs, manners, dress
requirement, food etc
PART D
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
1.What is community participation:
‘a process to encourage and awaken community
to realise they themselves have the abilities,
capacities, energies and some resources to take
initiatives to better the community’
or simply
- ‘sections of the community to become active
and responsible in deciding what their
problems are and their solutions’
(CONT)
Community participation is the
CENTRAL POINT
of community development work.
Getting involve from beginning
to end
2.What is NOT Community
participation:

Getting community to go along and agree
with programs already decided and designed
for them.
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Just contribution of labour.
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Support of a few community leaders.
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Improvement of government services.
3.How to encourage community
participation
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Community identify their own problems and
needs.
Communty assist in collecting local information.
Community to suggest solutions to their
problems.
Community to set priorities.
How to encourage community
participation (cont)
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Community to make joint decisions and plans.
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Community to find resources locally and outside.
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Communty to take responsibility for specific project
and outcome.
Community to assist in supervision and evaluation.
Example of a community participation
project – a cleaner water project
Exercise 1
LIST OUT WAYS IN WHICH
COMMUNITY CAN PARTICIPATE IN THHIS
PROJECT
15 MINUTES
PART E
WORKING IN THE
COMMUNITY
-STEP ONE TO STEP FIVE
STEP ONE
BUILD RAPPORT
1: building rapport
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Building rapport is a continuous process
and takes time and effort.
Purpose
To establish good relationship.
To facilitate communication
continuously.
To gain confidence and acceptance.
BUILD RAPPORT – HOW
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(CONT)
Contact and talk with community leaders.
Introduce yourself.
Get the community leaders to take you
around the community.
Make informal contacts and visits.
Interact with many people.
Have informal meetings and discussion.
Familiar with names and titles of local
leaders.
Ability to speak local language/ dialects helps.
2: become familiar with the
community

1.
2.
3.
Purpose
Community profile – no. of people,
where they work, live, type of
profession, resources, services, social
and economic activities.
Gives you a clearer pic of the
community.
Useful tool to plan projects.
STEP TWO
ASSESS COMMUNITY
NEEDS
1: PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE
OF ASSESSING NEEDS
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Identify problems / needs.
Suggest solutions to problems.
Define relevant projects in the
community and encourage participation.
Assess changes and improvements at a
later stage.
2. TOOLS AND SKILLS to
assess needs
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Observation.
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Survey.
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Informal discussion.
A.Observation of the
community
Some hints how to observe
…..train your eyes to see.
…..write/ jot down ( don’t rely on
memory).
…..visit the place at different times.
…..check observations with oral
questions.
…..check observations with other people.
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B.Survey with the community
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Get information that is most useful only.
Do not ask for the sake of asking.
Don’t waste time.
Sometimes, update info.
Keep focus.
B.1. How to conduct survey
and whom
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Select area
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Select household/ community
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Whom to talk to
B.2. Tips on interview
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Do not imply, suggest.
Let the people talk.
Probe only the reply.
Go over the questions if unclear.
Ask people to prioritize the problems.
Be thankful.
Request permission to come back for more
info.
B.3. Tips in recording
information
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Ask permission to record.
Record after establishing rapport.
Carry notebook (not pieces of paper).
Give attention.
C. INFORMAL DISCUSSION
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Meeting informally for in depth info.
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Verification.
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Insights.
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Different views.
D. PROBLEMS TO BE AWARE
OF IN ASSESSING NEEDS
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Assessing needs is not a one time
activity.
Cannot be done by just survey or
discussion.
Requires repeated visits.
E. SUMMARIZE FINDINGS
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From observations, survey and informal
discussions prepare a summary of the
major needs/ problems of the
community.
STEP THREE
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DECIDE ON PRIORITIES
1. Deciding priorities for action
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Listing of priority needs must come
from the community.
CD WORKER ACTS AS A GUIDE AND
CATALYST
2. Some criteria for deciding
priority needs
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Guidelines on the basis of which
priorities can be set.
Study info and analyse info.
Carefully thought out.
Consensus.
3. Reaching consensus
Men, women,
youths
Community
leaders
Reaching consensus on
priority needs
Unofficial
leaders
Religious
people
Govt workers
Ngo workers
4. Deciding priorities
Look over list of needs
Meet with coomunity leaders in small
groups. Discuss list of needs.
Organise general and formal meeting of the
community. Discuss and consensus.
Form small groups/ committees to deal
with priority needs.
5. Deciding priorities: 2 very
important things happen 1.
2.
The community is CLEARLY defining FOR
ITSELF the most SUITABLE and RELEVENT
program/ activities for the area. Therefore,
the community will be MORE COMMITTED
to see the success of the program.
LOCAL PARTICIPATION and INVOLVEMENT
STEP FOUR
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ORGANIZING THE
COMMUNITY
Organizing the community
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Organize groups – formal and informal
Sensitize them on WHY the need to
organize
Assistance them
1. Purpose of organizing the
community
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ensures participation of the community in
the early stages of planning activities.
Build and jel team and cooperation with one
another early.
Encourages local responsibility and learning
from each other.
Sense of solidarity/ togetherness in working
towards a common goal and achieving
results.
Purpose of organizing the
community (cont)
5.
6.
7.
A platform for all to be heard.
Groups/ committee easier to obtain
assistance/ funding etc.
Groups/ committee build confidence
and berdikari in the community.
2. How to organize a group/
committee
A) Initial steps
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Establish good contacts in the community.
Meetin the people several times – motivate and interesting in
the program.
Explain the benefits of the program.
Finding the needs/ problems/ interest of the community.
Setting priorities…..
B) Organize according to the activity
Committees of local
residents organized for
LOCAL SECURITY
UNITY AND SOCIAL
INTERACTION
C) How to organize….
Main points to consider……….
How often the meetings
How to organise….(CONT)
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-
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Existing groups, some examples:
Persatuan Penduduk
JKKK
Wanita
Keluarga
Banjir
Belia
Kraftangan
Lain lain
3. An active committee-some
suggestions
Ciri ciri of an active committee:
1.
Well organized
2.
Responsible, trustworthy
3.
Hardworking
4.
Pro active
5.
Influential
6.
Enthusiastic
7.
Motivated
4. Forming a committee for an effective
project committee….some ideas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Select appropriate members
-fair representation from the community
(race, occupation, age, gender, skills)
Leaders acceptable to the community
Size of committee manageable
Define TOR clearly
Regular meetings
Notify meetings in advance
Work plan of program
4. Forming an
committee..(cont)
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Opportunity for all to share responsibility
Encourage a friendly atmosphere for free
communication and contribution of ideas
Use group discussion to analyse and solve
problems
Network and maintain relationship with othjer ngos
Keep minutes and records
Have financial reports
Evaluate programs
Replace inactive members
STEP 5
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IDENTIFY RESOURCES
1. Identify Resources
R
E
S
O
U
R
C
E
S
PEOPLE who can help
Health, education, police
Materials like equipment
Facilities like community centers,
playgrounds
Finance
Other organizations
Identify resources (cont)….
YOU MUST
KNOW
……..
HOW to obtain them
2. What are the resources
available?
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List resources
1. PEOPLE
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-
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Ideas
Technical Skills
Contacts
Influence
Knowledge and experience
Leadership abilities
Skills, experience and know how
Time and energy
Small financial comtributions
What are the resources
available (cont) ….
2. MATERIALS
OUTSIDE INPUTS
LOCALLY AVAILABLE
(COMMUNITY)
What are the resources
(cont)…
3. FINANCIAL RESOURCES
 Local government funding
 Political funding
 NGO funding
 International organization funding
 Community contribution ( donation )
 Banks
What are the resources (cont)
4.
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FACILITIES
Community halls, centres etc
Child care facilities
Pre school premise
Playground
Empty government
Storage yards
Water supply
Electrical supply
Police station
F. IMPLEMENTING AND
PLANNING THE PROJECT
1.
2.
3.
4.
PLANNING THE PROJECT WITH THE
COMMITTEE
WRITING A PROJECT PAPER FOR
FUNDS
CARRYING OUT THE PROJECT
MONITORING AND EVALUATING THE
PRPJECT
A. Planning the project
1.
Define the problems
Project: patrolling;
guard duty;
liason with police
Problem :
house breakins, stealing,
crimes
Community well-being,
reduction in crimes
Planning the project (cont)
2. Select committee and area
-interested; involved;
cross-section of the
community; people from
the area; etc.
BEGIN
SMALL
Planning the project (cont)
3. Set Objectives
e.g. the objective of the
project is to educate the
community in better usage of
fire prevention methods
Too general
State the
objectives
of the program in
measurable end
results
e.g. by the end of the project;
-The community participated in three fire drills.
-50 households will be supplied with fire extinguishers.
-20 residents will be able to function as volunteers fire fighters.
Planning the project
4.
FEASIBILITY OF PROJECT means
- PRACTICAL FOR THE COMMUNITY
- APPROPRIATE FOR THE COMMUNITY
- BENEFICIAL TO THE COMMUNITY
HOW DO WE KNOW THE PROJECT IS FEASIBLE ???
Planning the project (cont)
FEASIBILITY FACTORS TO CONSIDER – VERY
IMPORTANT
1. COMMUNITY INTERESTAre people interested?
Are people willing to get
Involved?
2. RESOURCES`AVAILABLE
-people?, materials available?,
facility?, equipment?, money?
Planning the project (cont)
3. Type of training- retraining
required ?
5. Transportation –is it
available?
7. Management needs of the
project-long term/ short
term?
4. For a product based
project – market
potentials – where? ,
how?, cost?
6. Maintenance – who will
operate and maintain?
8. Spin-off of the project
Planning the project
5. RESOURCES
EXERCISE: LIST DOWN WHAT RESOURCES
YOU HAVE AND WHAT YOU WILL REQUIRE
– 15 MINUTES
RESOURCES
RESOURCES AVAILABLE
LOCALLY
RESOURCES REQUIRED
Planning the project
6. Budget
-
salaries
allowances
equipment
facilitie
training
transportation
contingencies
Planning the project (cont)
7. Work Plan
- what has to be done;
- when
- where
- how and
- by whom
Planning the project (cont)
Sample of a work plan
Activities to
be
undertaken
Time
framework
Location
Responsibility
Planning the project (cont)
Sample of a work plan – TIME BAR
Activities
1.
2.
Organize
meeting
Training
Jan
Feb
Mac
April
B. Writing a project for FUNDING –
some hints
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Summary of project
Define problem
Selected people and area of project
Objectives
Feasibility of project
Activities of project
Duration
(cont)
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Resources
Finance/ budget
Work plan
Plan for supervision
Reprting plan
Monitoring and evaluation
Follow-up plan
c. Implementing the project
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Recheck the work
plan
Follow the work plan
Re-orient community
to the project
Purchases
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Training, retraining
and orientation of
project staff
Regular meeting for
monitoring,
feedback and
evaluation
D. Supervision of project
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1. WHAT
Supervision ????
-checking on the
progress and
problems of project
at regular intervals.
-active and continuous
process
Supervision (cont)
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2. WHY
Going according to
schedule???
Resources
adequately???
Workers competent???
Community benefitting
from the project
Facilities well
maintained???
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3. WHO
Field officer
Supervisor
Committee members
appointed
Outside expert ( for
technical project)
Supervision (cont)
4. HOW TO SUPERVISE
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Actual on site visit
Resolve problems fast
Positive feedback on
progress to
committee/
community
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
East
West
North
1st
Qtr
3rd
Qtr
Supervision (cont)
5. HOW OFTEN TO
SUPERVISE?
 Regular interval –
weekly, monthly etc
 Depending on
project
Supervision (cont)
6. WHAT TO
SUPERVISE
 Preparation
 Operation
 Funds
 Resources
E. REPORTS
1. REPORTS
 Reports are useful
 Reports simple and few
 Reports as a record of
ongoing activities
 Reports for evaluation
 Reports as brief for the
boss
2. TYPES OF REPORTS
 Written
 Forms
 Formatted report
3. HOW OFTEN
 Monthly
 As requested
F. EVALUATION
1.
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Purpose
To find out how effective the project is
Objectives achieved or not
How well the project is done
Correcting mistakes
Evaluation (cont)
3.Why has it not been
achieved……
Evaluation (cont)
3. Who evaluates????
Residents
Evaluate project
Local
politicians
END
THANK YOU
TERIMA
KASIH
XIE XIE
NANDRIE
SHUKRAN