Transcript 新 视 野 Bribery and Business Ethics

New Horizon College English
Unit 6 : Section A
Bribery and Business Ethics
新视野
Pre-reading Activities
Text Analysis
Main idea and
Structure
Expressions & Patterns
Summary
How to apply to our real
life the typical expressions
and patterns taken from
the text
Exercises
Blank filling
All the exercises
for Section A
议论文与说明文写
作技巧
Writing
II. Text Analysis:
Main Idea and Structure
New Words & Text
Main Idea & Structure
New Words
Main Idea
Text
Structure
Main Idea of Each Part
Part Ⅰ
Part Ⅱ
Part Ⅲ
New Words
New Words
• bribe
• bribery
• ethics
Phrases and
Expressions
• on the increase
• a way of life
• pay up
• stand by
Back
• in practice
• accuse of
• in private
• a fact of life
• consist of
• in support of
• under investigation
• throw out
• close a deal
• speed up
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New Words
• hit upon / on
• distinguish between
• amount to
• behave oneself
• be caught in
• on the take
• square… with
Proper Names
• Switzerland
• Chrysler Corporation
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Back
• U.S. Securities
and Exchange
Commission
• Chile
• Iran
• Caribbean
• International
Chamber of
Commerce (ICC)
Text
Back
Bribery and Business Ethics
Students taking business courses
are sometimes a little surprised to find that
classes on business ethics have been
included in their schedule. They often do
not realize that bribery in various forms is
on the increase in many countries and, in
some, has been a way of life for centuries.
Para. 1
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Para. 2
Suppose that during a negotiation
with some government officials, the Minister
of Trade makes it clear to you that if you
offer him a substantial bribe, you will find it
much easier to get an import license for your
goods, and you are also likely to avoid
“procedural delays”, as he puts it. Now, the
question is: do you pay up or stand by your
principles?
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Para. 3a It is easy to talk about having high
moral standards but, in practice, what would
one really do in such a situation? Some time
ago a British car manufacturer was accused of
operating a fund to pay bribes, and of other
questionable practices such as paying agents
and purchasers an exaggerated commission,
offering additional discounts, and making
payments to numbered bank accounts in
Switzerland. (To be continued)
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Para. 3b (To continue) The company rejected
these charges and they were later withdrawn.
Nevertheless, at that time, there were people
in the motor industry in Britain who were
prepared to say in private: “Look, we’re in a
very competitive business. Every year we’re
selling more than a ￡ 1,000 million worth of
cars abroad. If we spend a few million
pounds to keep some of the buyers happy,
who’s hurt? If we didn’t do it, someone else
would.”
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Para. 4a It is difficult to resist the
impression that bribery and other
questionable payments are on the increase.
Indeed, they seem to have become a fact of
commercial life. To take just one example,
the Chrysler Corporation, third largest of
the U.S. car manufacturers, revealed that it
made questionable payments of more than
$2.5 million between 1971 and 1976. (To be
continued)
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Para. 4b (To continue) By announcing
this, it joined more than 300 other U.S.
companies that had admitted to the U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission that
they had made payments of one kind or
another — bribes, extra discounts, etc. —
in recent years. For discussion purposes,
we can divide these payments into three
broad categories.
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Para. 5
The first category consists of
substantial payments made for political
purposes or to secure major contracts. For
example, one U.S. corporation offered a large
sum of money in support of a U.S. presidential
candidate at a time when the company was
under investigation for possible violations of
U.S. business laws. This same company, it was
revealed, was ready to finance secret U.S.
efforts to throw out the government of Chile.
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Para. 6
In this category, we may also include
large payments made to ruling families or their
close advisers in order to secure arms sales or
major petroleum or construction contracts. In a
court case involving an arms deal with Iran, a
witness claimed that ￡ 1 million had been paid
by a British company to a “negotiator” who
helped close a deal for the supply of tanks and
other military equipment to that country. Other
countries have also been known to put pressure
on foreign companies to make donations to party
bank accounts.
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Para. 7a The second category covers
payments made to obtain quicker official
approval of some project, to speed up the
wheels of government. An interesting
example of this kind of payment is
provided by the story of a sales manager
who had been trying for some months to
sell road machinery to the Minister of
Works of a Caribbean country. Finally, he
hit upon the answer. (To be continued)
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Para. 7b
(To continue) Discovering that the
minister collected rare books, he bought a rare
edition of a book, slipped $20,000 within its
pages, then presented it to the minister. This
man examined its contents, then said: “I
understand there is a two-volume edition of
this work.” The sales manager, who was
quick-witted, replied: “My company cannot
afford a two-volume edition, sir, but we could
offer you a copy with a preface!” A short time
later, the deal was approved.
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Para. 8 The third category involves
payments made in countries where it is
traditional to pay people to help with the
passage of a business deal. Some Middle
East countries would be included on this
list, as well as certain Asian countries.
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Para. 9 Is it possible to devise a code of
rules for companies that would prohibit
bribery in all its forms? The International
Chamber of Commerce (ICC) favors a code
of conduct that would ban the giving and
seeking of bribes. This code would try to
distinguish between commissions paid for
real services and exaggerated fees that really
amount to bribes. A council has been
proposed to manage the code.
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Para. 10
Unfortunately, opinions differ
among members of the ICC concerning how
to enforce the code. The British members
would like the system to have enough legal
power to make companies behave
themselves. However, the French delegates
think it is the business of governments to
make and impose law; the job of a business
community like the ICC is to say what is
right and wrong, but not to impose anything.
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Para. 11
In a well-known British
newspaper, a writer argued recently that
“industry is caught in a web of bribery”
and that everyone is “on the take”. This
is probably an exaggeration. However,
today’s businessman, selling in overseas
markets, will frequently meet situations
where it is difficult to square his business
interests with his moral conscience.
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II. Text Analysis:
Main Idea and Structure
Back
What is the text mainly about?
Bribery in various forms is on the increase and
has become a fact of commercial life. On the
whole, the bribery can fall into three categories:
for political purposes or to secure major
contracts; to obtain quicker official approval of
some projects; and to obtain help with the
passage of a business deal. To ban bribery, ICC
favors a code of conduct. However, the ICC
members are of different opinions. The
headache is still there to stay in business.
II. Text Analysis:
Main Idea and Structure
Back
How is the text organized?
The passage is broadly put into three parts:
bribery has become a common occurrence in
many countries, three main categories of
bribery, and the efforts to ban bribery and the
result. The whole passage is organized in
problem-solution pattern. In the first part, the
phenomenon (the problem) is described; in
the second, the questionable payments are
analyzed; and in the third, the efforts for
solution and the result are presented. For details
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II. Text Analysis:
Main Idea and Structure
The illustration of the
problem (Paras. 1-4)
The analysis of the
problem (Paras. 5-8)
The solution of the
problem (Paras. 9-11)
Back
Questionable payments
ICC is toisset
up a code
Bribery
a common
can be divided into
of conduct that
would
occurrence
in many
three categories: 1.
ban the giving
countries.
The and
Those for political
seeking of bribes.
phenomenon
is And
purposes or to secure
a council has
introduced
bybeen
“classes
major contracts; 2.
proposed
toethics”,
manage
on
business
Those for obtaining
the code.
However,
and
exemplified
by
quicker official
opinions
differaamong
two
examples:
approval of some
the members
British
car of ICC.
projects; 3. Those for
Bribery seemsand the
manufacturer
help with the passage of
inevitable.
Chrysler
Corporation.
a business deal.
II. Text Analysis:
Main Idea and Structure
Back
Main idea?
Part I
(Paras. 1-4)
Part II
Bribery and other questionable
payments are on the increase in
many countries. They seem to be
based not on lack of business ethics
but on business interests.
Devices for developing it?
Part III
Exemplification (举例法)
For details
Back
The author’s viewpoint in Para. 4:
3: Bribery
and
Sticking
othertoquestionable
high moral
standards
payments
is
are
easier
on
Exemplification
is employed
in the
third
the
said
increase.
than
done.paragraph to make the
and
the forth
The
examples
in support:
author’s
viewpoint
convincing.
A British
car manufacturer
was accused
of
The
Chrysler
Corporation revealed
that it
details
operating
a fund topayments
pay bribesofFor
and
of than
made
questionable
more
othermillion
questionable
practices.
$2.5
between
1971 and 1976.
Peoplehundred
in the motor
held thathad
if
Three
otherindustry
U.S. companies
they didn’t
bribe
keep
the buyers
happy,
admitted
that
theytohad
made
payments
of
someone
elseanother
would.in recent years.
one
kind or
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II. Text Analysis:
Main Idea and Structure
Back
Main idea?
Part I
Part II
(Paras. 5-8)
Part III
The questionable payments are
divided into three categories:
payments made for political purposes
or to secure major contracts; to
obtain quicker official approval; and
made to people who help with the
passage of a business deal.
Devices for developing it?
Listing (列举法)
For details
Back
Para. 5 The first category consists of…
Listing is employed in this part to
Para.
7 The
second category
covers…
list three
categories
of questionable
For details
payments.
Para. 8 The third category involves…
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II. Text Analysis:
Main Idea and Structure
Back
Main idea?
Part I
Part II
To ban bribery, a code of conduct
is favored by ICC, and even a
council was proposed to manage it.
But, its members are of different
opinions. Anyway, bribery seems
inevitable.
Part III
(Paras. 9-11)
Devices for developing it?
Deduction (演绎法)
For details
Back
General statement: Unfortunately, opinions
differ
members
of the
ICC
In among
this part,
deduction
is employed
concerning
how
to
enforce
the
code.
(L.
61)
to show that members of ICC have
Specific
descriptions:
The
different
ideas as to
theBritish members
would
like the system
have enough legal
enforcement
of thetocode.
power to make companies behave
For details
themselves. However, the French delegates
think it is the business of governments to
make and impose law. …
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III. Expressions & Patterns
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A. Expressions
on the increase
to make it clear to sb.
that…
to stand by one’s
principles
to have high moral
standards
in private
6. for discussion/
political purposes
>>more
B. Patterns for you
to use as models
1. Typical patterns
for sb.’s reaction
to sth.
2. Typical patterns
for exemplification
>>more
III. Expressions & Patterns
Back
7. under investigation
8. for possible violations
of business laws
9. to finance sb.’s efforts
to do sth.
10. to secure major
construction contracts
11. to put pressure/undue
stress on…
12. to make donations/
payments to sb.
13. to speed up the wheels
of…
14. to hit upon/on the
answer/solution
15. to slip sth. into/within…
16. to be included on the
list
17. to devise a code of rules
18. to prohibit bribery in
various/all its forms
19. to amount to
20. to square one’s interests
with his moral
conscience
III. Expressions & Patterns
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1. 在增长中
 on the increase (L. 3)
活学活用
在中国，拥有私车的人数
不断增长。
The number of people who
own private cars are on the
increase in China.
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2. 明确向某人表示；明确告知某人
 to make it clear to sb. that… (L. 6)
活学活用
信息技术对社会的巨大影响表明我们正生活
在信息时代。
The immense influence
of IT on our society
makes it clear that we
are living in the
Information Age.
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3. 坚持原则
 to stand by one’s principles (L. 8)
活学活用
为人诚实、信守诺言会赢得别人的信任与尊重。
It brings one trust and
respect from others to
practice honesty and
stand by his promises.
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4. 有高尚的道德标准
 to have high moral standards (L. 9)
活学活用
大学生活应以提高学生的学术
和道德水平为中心。
The college life should
be centered around
raising students’
academic and moral
standards.
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5. 私下里；秘密地；在私生活里； 在家里
 in private (L. 15)
活学活用
在公开场合他是个彬彬有
礼的绅士，但在私下里却
是个放荡不羁的人。
He is a gentleman of
refinement in public but a
man of easy virtue in
private.
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6. 为方便讨论起见/为了政治目的
 for discussion/political purposes (L. 30/32)
活学活用
一个社会再自由开放也决不容许一些人为了
险恶目的而胡作非为。
A society, no matter how
free and open it is, never
allows some people to
commit all kinds of
outrages for evil purposes.
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7. 正在调查中
 under investigation (L. 34)
活学活用
对这场袭击前后的情报工作的
全面的司法调查正在进行中。
A full-scale judicial
investigation is under way
into the intelligence work
around this attack.
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8. 因可能触犯商业法规
 for possible violations of business laws (L. 35)
活学活用
微软公司被指控违反反垄断法。
The Microsoft
Corporation was
charged with
violations of antimonopoly laws.
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9. 资助某人做某事
 to finance sb.’s efforts to do sth. (L. 36)
活学活用
他们正同心协力去创造航天技术的新奇迹。
They are combining
their efforts to work
new wonders in space
technology.
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10. 得到主要建筑合同
 to secure major construction contracts (L. 38)
活学活用
“吃一堑,长一智”的格言就是提醒你防止犯
同样的错误。
The proverb “ a fall into
the pit, a gain in your wit”
reminds you to secure
yourself from a repetition
of the same mistakes.
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11. 给······ 施加压力/过分强调······
 to put pressure/undue stress on... (L. 41)
活学活用
过分强调书本知识会削弱学生创造性思维的
热情。
Putting undue stress on
book knowledge will
weaken students’
enthusiasm for creative
thinking.
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12. 向某人捐款／汇款
 to make donations/payments to sb. (L. 42)
活学活用
我们的钱应捐给那些受贫穷所困却很有天赋
的孩子们。
Our donations should be
made to those (who are)
stuck in poverty but
endowed with talents.
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13. 加快······速度
 to speed up the wheels/progress of… (L. 44)
活学活用
加快教育改革速度的关
键是更新教育理念。
The key to speeding
up the wheels of
educational reform is
to renew conceptions
of education.
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14. 想出了办法
 to hit upon/on the answer/solution (L. 46)
活学活用
他突发奇想，想通过攀登
珠穆朗玛峰而一举成名。
He hit upon a strange
idea that he could
become famous by
climbing up Mount
Everest.
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15. 暗中将某物塞入······
 to slip sth. into/within… (L. 47)
活学活用
上课的时候，她悄悄塞到他手里一张纸条，
上面写着：“老地方见，不见不散。”
While in class, she slipped
into his hand a piece of
paper on which she wrote,
“Let’s meet at the same
place and not leave till we
meet.”
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16. 属于此类
 to be included on this list (L. 55)
活学活用
你要么被划为清官,要么被划为贪官。没有中间
地带。
You are either included on
the list of the honest
officials or on the list of
the corrupt officials. There
is no middle point.
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17. 设计一套法规
 to devise a code of rules (L. 56)
活学活用
社会道德准则是根据一个社会对于正确与错
误行为所持的观念制定的。
A code of social morality is
established in accordance
with the notions of right
and wrong conduct held by
a society.
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18. 禁止各种类型的贿赂
 to prohibit bribery in various forms/in
all its forms (L. 3/56)
活学活用
我们的当务之急是如何防
止各种类型的智能犯罪。
The most pressing
affair for us now is how
to prevent intellectual
crime in all its forms.
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19. 达到; 等于; 实际上是
 to amount to (L. 59)
活学活用
如果一位女士对你说“再说吧”，那就等于
拒绝了你。
If a lady says to you
“Let’s talk about it
later” , that amounts
to her refusal.
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20. 既确保自己的利益，又无愧道德良心
 to square one’s interests with his moral
conscience (L. 68)
活学活用
为人不做亏心事，夜
半敲门心不惊。
One who always squares his
acts with his moral conscience
never fears midnight knocks
at his door.
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1. Typical patterns for sb.’s reaction to sth.:
原句: Students taking business courses are
sometimes a little surprised to find that classes
on business ethics have been included in their
schedule. (L. 1)
商科学生有时对课程里包括商业道德课略感
吃惊。
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句型提炼
1. Sb. is a little (much / very) surprised
(distressed / delighted / disappointed /
excited ／depressed ) to find / know /
learn that…
某人 对······ 略(非常)感惊讶 / 忧虑／高
兴／ 扫兴／兴奋／沮丧。
（划线部分可替换）
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应用：a. 许多人对新
组成的国家队里没有
这位著名的运动员感
到很吃惊。
Many people were very surprised to know
that this famous player was not included on
the newly-formed national team.
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应用：b. 公众对政
府加大投资，扩大
绿化面积感到欣慰。
The public are satisfied to find that the
government invests more money on
increasing the areas of the afforested lands.
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原句: It is difficult to resist the impression
that bribery and other questionable payments
are on the increase. (L. 22)
很容易产生这样的印象：贿赂以及其他可疑
开支正日渐增多。
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句型提炼
2. It is difficult (for one) to resist the
impression / notion / feeling / idea /
opinion / conclusion that…
很容易产生（得出）这样的印象／概
念／感受／看法／结论：······
（划线部分可替换）
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应用： 在一个政治腐败泛
滥的国度里，很容易产生
这样的感受：有钱能办事，
而有权则无事不能办。
In a state flooded with political corruption,
it is difficult to resist the impression / feeling
that while money will do something, power
will do anything.
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2. Typical patterns for exemplification:
原句: To take just one example, the Chrysler
Corporation, third largest of the U.S. car
manufacturers, revealed that it made
questionable payments of more than $2.5
million between 1971 and 1976. (L. 25)
仅举一例：美国第三大汽车制造企业克莱
斯勒汽车公司透露，它在1971至1976年间
共发生了250万美元的可疑开支。
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句型提炼
1. To take / cite just one example,…
仅举一例：······
（划线部分可替换）
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应用：a. 生命的辉
煌是短暂的。仅举
一例：昨夜西风过
园林，吹落黄花满
地金。
The brilliance of life is short. To take just one
example, the west wind blew across the
garden last night, scattering all over yellow
flowers like gold.
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应用：b. 母爱是伟大的，
也是无私的。仅举一例：
据报道,一位瘦弱的母亲
是靠卖血资助自己孩子
读完大学的。
Mother love is great and selfless. To cite just
one example, a thin and weak mother, as it
was reported, financed her child through
college by selling her blood.
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原句: An interesting example of this kind of
payment is provided by the story of a sales
manager who had been trying for some
months to sell road machinery to the Minister
of Works of a Caribbean country. (L. 44)
有个故事是说明这类支出的有趣例子：有
个销售经理几个月来一直试图向加勒比地
区一个国家的建工部长推销道路工程机械。
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III. Expressions & Patterns
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句型提炼
2. An interesting / striking / typical example
of… is provided by the story of sb. who…
有个故事是说明 ······ 的有趣／突出／典
型的例子：某人 ······
（划线部分可替换）
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III. Expressions & Patterns
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应用：追求知识与寻觅爱情不可兼容。
有个故事是说明这一观点的突出例子：
我从前的同桌曾被认为是班里最优秀
的学生，却早在初中时就将其希望之
舟驶入了一个女孩的爱情港湾。现在
他正陷入深深的懊悔之中。
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III. Expressions & Patterns
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Knowledge seeking and romance hunting
can not go hand in hand. A striking
example of the view is provided by the
story of my former desk-mate who, once
thought of as the most excellent student in
my class, began to steer his boat of promise
into the harbor of a girl’s love as early as
when he was still in the junior middle
school. Now he is drowning himself in
deep-felt regret.
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IV. Summary
Nowadays it is hard to deny the fact that
bribery and other questionable payments are on
the increase. Many international businessmen find
practice their own personal code
it difficult to _______
____ of
ethics (道德准则). For instance, sometimes during
it
negotiations some government ministers will let __
avoid
be known that a significant
_________ bribe will help _____
delays in procedure. It is easy to talk about having
in practice, what would
high moral standards but, __
one really do in such a situation? In the
competitive world of business does a businessman
__________
risk the
to his principles and ____
pay or does he stick __
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IV. Summary
chance of facing multiple future difficulties? A
number of years ago a British motor producer
state in private, that if they were
was willing to _____,
not doing it then
____ certainly somebody else would.
In many countries the practice
________ of bribery has
normal course of conduct ___
for hundreds
been a _______
others it appears that the
of years and in ______
incidence of giving bribes is on
__ the increase. Of
course bribery and other questionable practices
come in many shapes
______ and forms and can be
ranging from
achieved by
__ a variety of means _____________
to direct payments.
overstated commissions __
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V. Exercises
Comprehension
《读写教程4》EX: II, P. 153
Vocabulary
《读写教程4》EX: III, P. 153
《读写教程4》EX: IV, P. 154
Collocation
《读写教程4》EX: V, P. 154
Word Building
《读写教程4》EX: VI, P. 155
《读写教程4》EX: VII, P. 156
Structure
《读写教程4》EX: VIII, P. 157
《读写教程4》EX: IX, P. 157
Translation
《读写教程4》EX: X, P. 157
《读写教程4》EX: XI, P. 158
III. Exercises--Comprehension
Back
《读写教程 IV》: Ex. II, p. 153
II. Answer the following questions.
1. Why do students sometimes feel surprised
when they find business ethics are included
in the content of their business course?
Because they don’t know how serious the
problem of bribery is.
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2. What will the manager of a company do if he
decides to give up his principles in a
negotiation with some government officials?
He will bribe the officials.
3. Why are practices such as paying agents and
purchasers an exaggerated commission, and
offering additional discounts described as
“questionable”?
Because these practices are likely to be morally
wrong and may be certain forms of bribery.
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4. What do you think may be the reason for
more than 300 U.S. companies admitting
that they have made questionable payments?
These companies may be required to reveal
such information by the U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC), whose duty is
to collect certain information about
enterprises so as to protect investors.
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III. Exercises--Comprehension
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5. For what purpose did the company offer a
large sum of money in support of a U.S.
presidential candidate?
They wanted to avoid an unfavorable
conclusion drawn from the investigation of
their possible violations of U.S. business
laws.
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6. What might a foreign company do if they
want to sell arms to a country?
They might make large payments to ruling
families or their close advisers, or make
donations to party bank accounts.
7. What does “a copy with a preface”
mentioned in Paragraph 7 refer to?
It refers to a rare edition of a book with
$20,000 slipped within its page.
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III. Exercises--Comprehension
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8. What efforts has the International
Chamber of Commerce (ICC) made to
prevent the giving and seeking of bribes?
It favors a code of conduct and has
proposed a council for managing the
code, which can distinguish between
commissions paid for real services and
exaggerated fees that really amount to
bribes.
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III. Exercises--Comprehension
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9. Has the ICC finally taken action to prohibit
bribery? Why or why not?
No. Because its members have different
opinions about the duties of the ICC.
10. Can you give some examples mentioned in
the text to show that “industry is caught in
a web of bribery”?
Yes, More than 300 U.S. companies, for
example, admitted that they had made
questionable payments.
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V. Exercises--Vocabulary
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《读写教程 IV》: Ex. III, p. 153
III. Fill in the blanks with the words given
below. Change the form where necessary.
negotiation substantial deal
donation
square
procedural finance reject
commission withdraw
impose secure
1. Substantial
__________ numbers of people support
the reforms of economic system so as to
get rid of bribery.
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negotiation substantial deal
donation
square
procedural finance reject
commission withdraw
impose secure
2. The White House said there would be no
procedural change, so you must wait until
__________
you are informed.
3. The U.S. trade representative Carla Hills
said: “We have demonstrated extraordinary
negotiation
patience and are open to further __________
in the 30 days before our decision becomes
effective.”
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negotiation substantial deal
donation
square
procedural finance reject
commission withdraw
impose secure
4. We _______
rejected his idea for a change in our
process of car manufacture, and decided
to stick to the old one instead.
5. The charge was __________
withdrawn because there
was not enough evidence.
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V. Exercises--Vocabulary
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negotiation substantial deal
donation
square
procedural finance reject
commission withdraw
impose secure
6. The committee tried to separate
___________ paid for real services from
commissions
exaggerated fees that really amount to
bribes.
7. The building project will be ________
financed by
the government and by public donations.
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V. Exercises--Vocabulary
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negotiation substantial deal
donation
square
procedural finance reject
commission withdraw
impose secure
8. That organization made substantial
payments to the party bank accounts to
______ arms sales contract.
secure
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V. Exercises--Vocabulary
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《读写教程 IV》: Ex. IV, p. 154
IV. Fill in each of the blanks in the following
sentences with a suitable preposition or
adverb.
1. He continues to insist that all he wrote in
the book is nothing but the truth, and that
by his words.
he will stand ___
2. Some of what we are talking about should
be kept secret, thus it should be discussed
__
in private.
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V. Exercises--Vocabulary
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3. President Bush was worried about the
economic consequences of accounting
scandals at U.S. corporations and he
accused some corporate (公司的) leaders
__
of not upholding their responsibility.
4. In recognition of donations __
to the National
Museum, we will allow tax deduction of up
to twice the value of the donation.
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V. Exercises--Vocabulary
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5. The country is speeding up
__ its strategic
plan to pump enormous amounts of
money into various communications
projects in the hope of stepping directly
into the Information Age.
6. After running through the numbers in
every possible combination, we finally hit
_______ a solution.
on/upon
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V. Exercises--Vocabulary
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7. Better informed political opinion can seek
to explain how this particular proposal
squared ____
with the government purposes.
8. One can imagine combining two of these
in practice they have remained
views, but __
separate.
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V. Exercises--Collocation
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《读写教程 IV》: Ex. V, p. 154
V. Look at the following sentence taken from your
reading passage. Just think about what other
words that can be modified by “moral” and fill
in the sentences with the right word.
e.g. It is easy to talk about having high
moral standards but, in practice,
what would one really do in such a
situation?
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V. Exercises--Collocation
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1. One method of obtaining at least a moral
com________
commitment is by an offer letter, signed by
both parties.
2. He is doubtful about the moral va___
value of
teaching the classics or serious
contemporary fiction and poetry — whether
the reading of these things will improve
people ethically.
regret for
3. What he says reflects moral re____
having violated a situation of trust, and it
shows concern that someone might have
been hurt.
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4. Here we can examine further some of the
implications of belief in the
moral impli______
interrelation of life in all its forms.
strength of the New
5. Without the moral str_____
Thinking and New Concept it will fall back
into the old corruption (腐败).
oppositions to boxing in the late
6. The moral oppo______
twentieth century has been weakened by the
popularity of the sports.
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V. Exercises--Collocation
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7. The scholars at the conference believed the
case to be merely another instance of the
general moral de_____
decline which was
overtaking the world.
8. He has been respected by all because he is
also a man with a highly developed moral
sense
se___.
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V. Exercises—Word Building
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《读写教程 IV》: Ex. VI, p. 155
VI. The prefix fore- can be added to nouns to form
new nouns with the meaning of in front of. The
prefix fore- can be also added to nouns and
verbs to form new nouns and verbs with the
meaning of before, in advance of… in rank or
time. For example:
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fore- + arm
forearm
fore- + head
forehead
fore- + part
forepart
fore- + tell
foretell
fore- + father
forefather
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V. Exercises—Word Building
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The prefix post- can be added to nouns and
adjectives to form new nouns and adjectives
with the meaning of after. For example:
post-
+ war
postwar
post-
+ modern
post-modern
Now study the meaning of the following
words and then complete the sentences with
some of these words.
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forecast
foreground
postgraduate
foreleg
foresight
forewarn
foresee
post-election
post-race
forethought
post-liberation post-Christmas
1. She’d had the ___________________
foresight/forethought to
sell her house just before house prices
came down.
2. There was no one left in the village. They
had obviously been __________
forewarned about the
raid.
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forecast
foreground
postgraduate
foreleg
foresight
forewarn
foresee
post-election
post-race
forethought
post-liberation post-Christmas
3. Celebrated the world over for his writing,
he still refused to put himself in the
__________.
foreground
4. He went to Oxford as a postgraduate
___________ to
study criminology for his doctor’s degree.
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V. Exercises—Word Building
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forecast
foreground
postgraduate
foreleg
foresight
forewarn
foresee
post-election
post-race
forethought
post-liberation post-Christmas
post-race reaction
5. There was an instant ________
when the result of the match was
announced.
6. She foresaw
_______ the troubles ahead and took
steps to avoid them.
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forecast
foreground
postgraduate
foreleg
foresight
forewarn
foresee
post-election
post-race
forethought
post-liberation post-Christmas
7. To get people buying, many stores are running
their usual sales offering discounts as high as
50 percent, hoping that shoppers don’t repeat
past habits by waiting for ______________
post-Christmas
bargains.
8. Public confidence in the economic recovery has
fallen dramatically, according to a
post-election
___________ survey.
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《读写教程 IV》: Ex. VII, p. 156
VII. The prefix e- can be added to nouns to
form new nouns with the meaning of
electronic. For example:
e-
+ mail
e-mail
ee-
+ learning
+ data
e-learning
e-data
Now study the meaning of the words given
below and then complete the following
sentences with them.
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e-commerce e-shopper e-print e-learning
e-cash
e-journal e-mail e-merchant
e-dictionary
e-classroom
1. By all means, I encourage you to shop
online. The Internet offers tremendous
selections, prices and convenience. Just
don’t let the stars get in your eyes. Play it
e-shopper
safe and you’ll be a happy, safe _________
for years to come.
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V. Exercises—Word Building
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e-commerce e-shopper e-print e-learning
e-cash
e-journal e-mail e-merchant
e-dictionary
e-classroom
2. First, if you’re going to shop online, shop
with a reputable firm. If you find a new
e-merchant
__________ that seems appealing, take a
few minutes to do some research.
3. You can download these papers from the
e-journal
________ System and they are free of
charge.
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V. Exercises—Word Building
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e-commerce e-shopper e-print e-learning
e-cash
e-journal e-mail e-merchant
e-dictionary
e-classroom
4. While regular schools still exist, the
e-classroom plays an important role in
__________
today’s learning community.
e-commerce the shorthand
5. The term “___________”,
reference to transactions on the Internet,
is exciting. But it may end up as the most
significant part of the tax puzzle.
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V. Exercises—Word Building
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e-commerce e-shopper e-print e-learning
e-cash
e-journal e-mail e-merchant
e-dictionary
e-classroom
6. Many people have had to abandon their
e-mail accounts, as they are angry with
______
trash — junk mail.
7. Some websites provide some ____________
e-dictionaries
and you can look up the meaning of these
new words in them.
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V. Exercises—Word Building
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e-commerce e-shopper e-print e-learning
e-cash
e-journal e-mail e-merchant
e-dictionary
e-classroom
8. Smart cards and ______
e-cash could make up
half of the $7.3 billion online sales expected
by 2000, figures market researcher Jupiter
Communications Inc.
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V. Exercises—Structure
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《读写教程 IV》: Ex. VIII, p. 157
VIII. When the subject of a sentence is an
infinitive or a that-clause, it is not common to
put it at the beginning. Sentences like To be with
you is nice are possible, but uncommon. More
often, we begin the sentence with it and put the
real subject later. The sentence pattern is: It is
+ adjective +to do/that-clause. This kind of
structure can express many different ideas,
such as importance, difficulty, possibility,
usefulness, normality, frequency and emotional
reactions. Now change the following sentences
with the pattern discussed.
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e.g. It is easy to talk about having high
moral standards but, in practice, what
would one really do in such a situation?
1. To go there next Monday is pointless —
there’s a public holiday.
It’s pointless to go there next Monday —
there’s a public holiday.
2. That we’ll be late is probable.
It is probable that we’ll be late.
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3. To see different cultures and ways of life
is interesting.
It is interesting to see different cultures
and ways of life.
4. That she refuses to talk to you is really
astonishing.
It is really astonishing that she refuses to
talk to you.
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5. That she comes straight to me when she
arrives is important.
It is important that she comes straight to
me when she arrives.
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《读写教程 IV》: Ex. IX, p. 157
IX. “Suppose” is a verb but it can also be used
as a conjunction. As a conjunction,
“suppose” is followed by a clause, used in
the sense of “what would/will happen if...”.
Please have a look at the model sentence
from Passage A. Then write your own
sentences with “suppose”.
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Model: Suppose that during a negotiation
with some government officials, the
Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that
if you offer him a substantial bribe, you will
find it much easier to get an import license
for your goods, and you are also likely to
avoid “procedural delays”, as he puts it.
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1. What would you do?
Condition: objecting to carrying out a
particular management order, being
afraid of the manager
Suppose you object to carrying out a
particular management order and you are
afraid of the manager, what would you do?
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2. How would you explain it to your newly
married wife?
Condition: having just got married and
being employed for three years to work
abroad
Suppose you have just got married and
you are employed for three years to work
abroad, how would you explain it to your
newly married wife?
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3. Would you decide to remove any doubts?
Condition: not understanding why not to
arrest Harry
Suppose someone couldn’t understand
why you didn’t arrest Harry, would you
decide to remove the doubts?
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4. Is it fair that you would throw him out?
Condition: your tenant (房客) failing to
pay the rent by accident
Suppose by accident your tenant fails to
pay the rent, is it fair that you would
throw him out?
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5. Where could you get the help?
Condition: a very heavy smoker,
anxious to break the habit
Suppose you are a very heavy smoker and
you are anxious to break the habit, where
could you get the help?
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V. Exercises—Translation
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《读写教程 IV》: Ex. X, p. 157
X. Translate the following into English.
1. 我们不会听凭形形色色的贿赂行为不断增
加而无动于衷。
to stand
by
in various
forms
to be on the
increase
We would not stand by and let bribery in
various forms be on the increase.
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2. 我在把那一大笔钱借给你的时候就跟你讲
清楚了，如果你不能及时还钱，你也许会
被指控受贿。
the substantial
sum of money
to be accused
of taking
bribes
to make it
clear to you
While lending you the substantial sum of
money, I made it clear to you that if you
couldn’t pay it off in time, you might be
accused of taking bribes.
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3. 财力竞争已成为政治生活中的一个事实，
但是如果你为此接受可疑的政治捐款，你
很快就会受到调查。
competition of
financial power
to be under
investigation
a fact of
political life
Competition of financial power has become
a fact of political life; but if you receive
questionable political contributions for this
reason, you will soon be under investigation.
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4. 为获取大宗武器交易合同，他们给执政党
的银行账户捐了一大笔钱。
to secure
major arms
deal contracts
to make a
substantial
donation to
the party in
power
To secure major arms deal contracts, they
have made a substantial donation to the
bank account of the party in power.
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5. 他突然想到了一个加速实验进程的好办法，
但组里的成员却对此意见不一。
to hit
upon
opinions
differ
among…
to speed up
the progress
of…
He hit upon a good method to speed up
the progress of the experiment, but
opinions differed among members of the
group on it.
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6. 新法律很难实施，因为人们不愿意遵守。
to enforce
(the law)
to be not
ready to do…
to act on (the
law)
It’s difficult to enforce the new law because
people are not ready to act on it.
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7. 我们认为，在该地区实施停火是联合国
部队的职责，而当地政府的责任是准备
重建法律和秩序。
to enforce
ceasefire
to restore law
and order
to be the
business of
somebody
We think it’s the business of the United
Nations troops to enforce a ceasefire in that
area, while the job of the local government
is to prepare to restore law and order.
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8. 做出了这个决定后，她就加入了那个支
持妇女权利的组织。
to make this
decision
in support of
woman’s rights
Having made this decision, she joined
the organization, which is in support of
woman’s rights.
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《读写教程 IV》: Ex. XI, p. 158
XI. Translate the following into Chinese.
1. They often do not realize that bribery in
various forms is on the increase in many
countries and, in some, has been a way of life
for centuries.
他们通常没意识到在很多国家，形形色色
的贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家，这
已成为人们几百年来的生活方式。
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2. Now, the question is: do you pay up or
stand by your principles?
现在的问题是：你是被迫掏钱呢，还是
坚持原则？
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3. It is difficult to resist the impression that
bribery and other questionable payments
are on the increase. Indeed, they seem to
have become a fact of commercial life.
很容易产生这样的印象：贿赂以及其他可
疑开支正日渐增多。的确，这似乎已成为
商界的一个事实。
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4. By announcing this, it joined more than
300 other U.S. companies that had
admitted to the U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission that they had made
payments of one kind or another — bribes,
extra discounts, etc. —in recent years.
这一事实的披露，使克莱斯勒与其他300
多家美国公司一样，向美国证券交易委员
会承认自己近年曾有过某种形式的支出，
像贿赂、额外打折等等。
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5. Other countries have also been known
to put pressure on foreign companies to
make donations to party bank accounts.
据闻其他国家也是如此，向外国公司施
压，要他们向党派组织的账户捐款。
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6. The second category covers payments
made to obtain quicker official approval
of some project, to speed up the wheels of
government.
第二大类包括为促使政府加快对某些工程
项目的正式批准而作的支出。
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V. Exercises--Translation
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7. This code would try to distinguish
between commissions paid for real
services and exaggerated fees that really
amount to bribes.
这些准则试图区分真正为服务所付的佣
金和事实上等同于贿赂的过高费用。
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V. Exercises--Translation
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8. In a well-known British newspaper, a
writer argued recently that “industry is
caught in a web of bribery” and that
everyone is “on the take”.
在一家知名英国报纸上，最近有位作者
指出 “企业已陷入贿赂的蛛网”，人人
都 “贪赃枉法”。
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Ⅵ. Writing
How to Tackle a Problem in Some Area of Life
1. 我们正面临着······问题
2. 说明解决这个问题的途径
（知识性说明文）
写作模式
参考范文
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写作模式（知识性说明文）
1) Here we are, almost nine out of ten by
recent count, confronted with/caught in/
involved in a…, some of us… and some of us…
2) Some of us…, some…, some... 3) The
problem has come to a point where adequate
steps must be taken/adopted to…
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（划线部分可替换）
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Ⅵ.
Writing
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4) One step, to my knowledge, is… 5)
A growing body of evidence has proved
that... 6) Glad/Sad to say, … 7) Another
step is… 8) To take just one
example, … 9) In the long run, this will
certainly…
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（划线部分可替换）
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Ⅵ.
Writing
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10) And the bottom line in our steps
is to… 11) To achieve this/make it, a
code of… needs to be devised for… so as
to... 12) In this light/case, …
（划线部分可替换）
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Ⅵ.
Writing
Back
How to Recover Ethics in Business
1) 我们正面临着商业道德危机。
2）阐明如何才能寻回商业道德。
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Ⅵ.
Writing
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How to Recover Ethics in Business
1) Here we are, almost nine out of ten by
recent count, involved in a crisis of business ethics,
some of us reaping profit from it and most of us
suffering from it. 2) Some of the victims deeply
caught in chain debts, some greatly distressed at
the loss of every cent invested, some trapped so
much as to be indifferent to it. 3) The problem
has come to a point where effective steps must be
taken to recover/restore ethics in business.
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Ⅵ.
Writing
Back
4) One step, to my knowledge, is to separate
business from politics. 5) A growing body of
evidence has proved that any intimacy between
both leads to corruption of officials and floods of
fake goods, thereby constituting a big obstacle to
recovery of ethics. 6) Glad to say, our Party has
prohibited officials from holding any post in
business. 7) Another step is to uproot the regional
protectionism. 8) To take just one example, such
protective net has thrown the present building
market into a state of the good being mixed with
the bad. 9) In the long run, this will certainly bring
ruin upon our efforts in the right direction.
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Ⅵ.
Writing
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10) And the bottom line in our steps is to
cultivate an acute sense of fairness and honesty
in business. 11) To achieve this, a code of rules
needs to be devised for business circles so as to
prevent dishonesty in all its forms. 12) In this
light, any businessperson who takes unfair
advantage of his/her customers or competitors
will lose any chance of making money and even
lose his/her shirt in the end.
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THE END
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Text
贿赂与商业道德
Para. 1
商科学生有时对课程里包括商业
道德课略感吃惊。他们通常没意识到在很多
国家，形形色色的贿赂行为正日益增多。在
某些国家，这已成为人们几百年来的生活方
式。
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假定在一场与政府官员的谈判
中，贸易部长向你明确表示如能给他一大
笔贿赂，拿到进口许可证就会容易得多，
还可能避免他所说的 “程序上的延误” 。
现在的问题是：你是被迫掏钱呢，还是坚
持原则？
Para. 2
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Para. 3a
高尚的道德标准说起来容
易，但实际上人们在这种情况下究竟会
怎么做呢？早些时候，一家英国汽车制
造商被指控经管一笔基金行贿，还有其
他一些可疑运作，如给代理商和客户高
额回扣、提供额外折扣、向一些在瑞士
银行开的匿名账户汇款等。(待续)
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Para. 3b （续）这家汽车公司否认了这
些指控，后来也就撤诉了。然而，当时
英国汽车业里就有人私下里说：“瞧，
我们这一行竞争激烈，每年我们汽车的
海外销售额超过10亿英镑。如果花几百
万英镑能让客户高兴，谁会有损失呢？
我们不这样干，别人也会干的。”
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Para. 4a
很容易产生这样的印象：贿赂
以及其他可疑开支正日渐增多。的确，这似
乎已成为商界的一个事实。仅举一例：美国
第三大汽车制造企业克莱斯勒汽车公司透露，
它在1971至1976年间共发生了250万美元的可
疑开支。(待续)
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Para. 4b （续）这一事实的披露，使克
莱斯勒与其他300多家美国公司一样，向
美国证券交易委员会承认自己近年曾有
过某种形式的支出，像贿赂、额外打折
等等。为方便讨论起见，我们可将这些
支出分为三大类。
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Para. 5
第一大类是那些为政治目的
或为获得大宗合同所付出的大笔款项。 比
如，有一家美国企业曾因可能触犯美国商
业法规而正受调查，此时它捐出一大笔款
项支持一位总统候选人。 后来发现，正是
这家公司打算资助美国推翻智利政府的秘
密行动。
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Para. 6
这一大类也包括为得到武器销售
或重大的石油、建筑等项目合同而向权势家
族及其身边顾问所付出的大笔款项。在一桩
涉及对伊朗武器销售的案子中，一位证人声
称一家英国公司曾付给某 “洽谈人” 100万
英镑。此人帮忙做成了一笔向伊朗提供坦克
和其他军事设施的交易。据闻其他国家也是
如此，向外国公司施压，要他们向党派组织
的账户捐款。
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Para. 7a
第二大类包括为促使政府加
快对某些工程项目的正式批准而作的支出。
有个故事是说明这类支出的有趣例子：有
个销售经理几个月来一直试图向加勒比地
区一个国家的建工部长推销道路工程机械。
他终于想出了办法。 (待续)
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Para. 7b（续）了解到建工部长收藏珍本书，
他买了一本书的珍藏版，在书里夹上两万
美元，将其送给部长。部长查看了书的内
容，说道：“我知道这书有两卷本的。”
头脑灵活的销售经理答道：“先生，两卷
本公司买不起，不过我们可给你弄一本带
‘前言’的！” 不久，这笔生意获准了。
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Para. 8
第三大类指某些国家按照的
传统做法付给在交易中起作用的人一笔
费用。中东的一些国家和某些亚洲国家
都属此类。
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Para. 9
是否有可能设计一套公司法规
准则防止各种类型的贿赂呢？ 国际商会
（ICC）赞成用行为准则来禁止行贿索贿。
这些准则试图区分真正为服务所付的佣金和
事实上等同于贿赂的过高费用。 已成立了
一个委员会来实际操作这一准则。
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Para. 10
可惜的是，国际商会委员们
关于如何实行这一准则意见不一。英国委
员们希望这一体系有充分的法律效力以使
公司规范行事。而法国代表认为制定和实
施法律是政府的事；像国际商会这样的商
业团体该做的是表明孰对孰错，而非强制
实行什么。
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Para. 11
在一家知名英国报纸上，
最近有位作者指出 “企业已陷入贿赂的
蛛网”，人人都 “贪赃枉法”。这一说
法可能有些夸张。然而，当今做海外销
售的商人们经常难以达到既确保自己的
商业利益，又无愧道德良心的境地。