Transcript Chapter 29 The Making of Industrial Society Overview: The Industrial Revolution     Energy: coal and steam replace wind, water, human and animal labor Organization: factories over.

Chapter 29
The Making of
Industrial Society
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Overview: The Industrial Revolution
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Energy: coal and steam replace wind, water,
human and animal labor
Organization: factories over cottage industries
Rural agriculture declines, urban manufacturing
increases
Transportation: trains, automobiles replace
animals, watercraft
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Overview: Creation of New Classes
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The industrial middle class: clerks and managers
Urban proletariat: laborers increasingly unskilled
Shift in political power: from aristocratic
landholders to new industrial capitalists
Industrialization sparks ideas for new political
systems, especially socialist/Marxist ones
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Overview: Unexpected Costs of the
Industrial Revolution
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Genesis of an environmental catastrophe
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Intellectual underpinnings: faith in human domination
over natural resources
Unforeseen toxins and occupational hazards
Social ills
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Landless proletariat leads to creation of slums
Migrating work forces lead lives of instability
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Genesis of the Industrial Revolution
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Great Britain in the 1780s: beginnings of
industrialization
Followed agricultural revolution
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Food surplus
Disposable income
Population increase
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Market
Labor supply
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British Advantages
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Natural resources
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Ease of transportation
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Plentiful coal and iron ore deposits
Small, compact country
Goods easily transported via river and canal system
Colonies
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Raw goods imported from colonies
Colonies provide market for manufactured goods,
especially machine-made textiles
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Cotton-Producing Technology
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Flying shuttle (1733) invented by
machinist John Kay
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Sped up weaving output
Stimulated demand for thread
The “mule” (1779) invented by
Samuel Crompton
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Could produce 100 times more
thread than a manual wheel
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Cotton-Producing Technology
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Power loom (1785) invented by Edmund
Cartwright
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Supplanted hand weavers in cotton industry by 1820s
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Steam Power
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Steam Engine
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James Watt (1736-1819): Instrument-maker
who experimented with steam power while working at the
University of Glasgow. Earlier Newcomen engine, invented in
1712, was used to power pumps for removing water from mines.
Watt’s engine, invented in 1765, was far more efficient.
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Coal-fired engine that pushed a piston, which in turn turned
a wheel; the rotary design had multiple applications
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“Horsepower” term to describe output of Watt’s engines; did
the work of many horses
Especially prominent in textile industry by 1800
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Iron and Steel
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By 1709, British smelters begin to use coke
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Coke is carbonized coal, baked in an oven to burn away
impurities, leaving only pure coal called “coke”
Iron production skyrockets
Bessemer converter is invented
(1856) by Henry Bessemer
Refined blast furnace makes
production of steel faster and
cheaper; it removes impurities with
a blast of air
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Transportation
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Railroads
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George Stephenson (1781-1848) creates the first steampowered locomotive in 1815.
Initially used to haul coal from mines.
Stephenson’s Rocket
(1829) achieves 28
mph in a competition
for the new Liverpool
& Manchester Railway.
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Transportation
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Steamboats: First commercially
successful steamboat launched
by Robert Fulton in 1807, plying
a route between NYC and Albany.
Dense transportation networks developed
 13,000 miles of railroads laid between 1830 and 1870
Rapid and inexpensive transportation encouraged
industrialization in areas previously considered too distant
from major markets.
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The Factory System
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Early modern Europe adopts “putting-out” system
Individuals work at home, employers avoid wage
restrictions of medieval guilds
Rising prices cause factories to replace both
guilds and putting-out system
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Machines too large, expensive for home use
Large buildings could house specialized laborers
Urbanization guarantees supply of cheap unskilled
labor
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Working Conditions
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Dramatic shift from rural work rhythms
Six days a week, fourteen hours a day
Immediate supervision, punishments
“Luddite” protest against machines
break out from 1811 to 1816
Luddites smashing a power loom in 1812
 Name from legend about boy named Ludlam who broke a
knitting frame
 Leader called “King Lud”
 Were handloom weavers and artisans who had been replaced by
machines
Masked Luddites destroy machinery, enjoyed popular support
Fourteen Luddites hung in 1813, movement peters out
“Sabotage”: Dutch wooden shoe called a “sabot” wedged into gears.
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Spread of Industrialization
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Western Europe
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Spread to Germany, Belgium, France by mid-1800s
French revolution and Napoleonic wars set stage for
industrialization
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Abolishes internal trade barriers
Dismantles guilds
After 1871, Bismarck pushes for state sponsorship of
rapid industrialization in Germany
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Industrial
Europe ca.
1850
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Industrialization in North America
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First New England water-powered textile mill established in
1793 in Rhode Island by Samuel Slater
Industry develops on a wider scale in New England in the
1820s with cotton mills
By the 1870s, heavy iron and steel industries emerges in
Pennsylvania and Alabama.
By 1900, the U.S. an economic powerhouse,with
industrialization spilling over into Canada.
Massive railroad construction stimulates industry: steel for
rails and bridges, telegraph lines for communication, etc.
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Mass Production
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Eli Whitney (U.S., 1765-1825) invents cotton gin (1793), also
technique of using machine tools to make interchangeable
parts for firearms
Mass production becomes a
hallmark of industrial societies
Henry Ford, 1913, develops
assembly line approach
 Complete automobile chassis
every 93 minutes
 Previously: 728 minutes
Cotton gin
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Big Business
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No Small Entrepreneurs: Large factories require a
huge amount of start-up capital
Corporations formed to share risk and maximize
profits
Britain and France laid the legal foundations for
modern corporation in 1850-1860s; the British
Limited Liability Act of 1855 was particularly
important
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Monopolies, Trusts, and Cartels
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Large corporations form associations to drive out competition, keep
prices high
 Cartel: different companies or countries that come together to
control the price of one commodity
 Trust: Member organizations controlled by a board of trustees that
controls prices
 Monopoly: One individual or company that controls on commodity
or service
 Vertical Integration: John D. Rockefeller controls almost all oil
drilling, processing, refining, marketing in U.S.
 Horizontal Integration: German firm IG Farben controls 90 percent
of world chemical production through merging with and buying
other companies that do the same thing
Governments often slow to break up or regulate monopolies
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Industrial Demographics
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Technological Innovation
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“American System”: standardized parts for everything
from revolvers to sewing machines
Cheaper Food: Improved agricultural tools and better
transportation lowers prices
Cheap Manufactured Goods
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Textiles: Cheap and washable cotton clothes affordable
for all but the desperately poor.
Housewares: Furniture, porcelain, cabinets, and
decorative objects far cheaper than in the past.
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Population Growth (millions)
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The Demographic Transition
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Industrialization results in marked decline of both fertility and
mortality
 Better diets
 Improved disease control
 English scientists Edmund Jenner (1749-1823) develops the
smallpox vaccine (1797); cowpox not deadly, but provides
immunity to smallpox
 Declining fertility
 Less need to have bigger families in industrial societies: less
workers needed and more children survive
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Contraception
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Ancient and medieval methods: depositories or
potions to induce miscarriage pose health risks
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) predicts
overpopulation crisis, advocates “moral restraint”
Condom first efficient means of contraception
without negative side effects
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Made from animal intestines in seventeenth century,
latex in nineteenth century
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The Urban Environment
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Urbanization proceeds dramatically
 1800: only 20 percent of Britons live in towns with
population over 10,000
 1900: 75 percent of Britons live in such places
Intensified industrial pollution: fossil fuels like coal befoul
air and water with particulates, makes breathing difficult
City centers become overcrowded, unsanitary: outbreaks of
cholera, typhus, tuberculosis, and dysentery.
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Transcontinental Migrations
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Nineteenth to early twentieth century, rapid
population growth drives Europeans to Americas
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50 million cross Atlantic
Britons to avoid urban slums, Irish to avoid potato
famines of 1840s, Jews to escape pogroms under the
tsarist regime
United States is favored destination, but some go
elsewhere: Argentina, Canada, Australia, etc.
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New Social Classes
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Economic factors result in decline of slavery
Capitalist wealth brings new status to non-aristocratic
families
New urban classes of professionals
Blue-collar factory workers
Urban environment also creates new types of diversions
 Sporting events: European soccer and American baseball
 Leisure activities: bars and pubs, gambling, cockfighting
and dogfighting
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Women at Home and Work
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Agricultural and cottage industry work involved
women: natural transition
But development of men as prime breadwinners,
women in private sphere, working cheap labor
Double burden: women expected to maintain
home as well as work in industry
Working class women expected to work until
marriage
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Domestic service
Related to child labor: lack of daycare facilities
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Child Labor
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Easily exploited, abused, and controlled
1840s British Parliament began to pass child labor
laws
Moral concerns remove children from labor pool
Need for educated workforce: education of
children from 5 to 10 years old becomes
mandatory in England in 1881,
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The Socialist Challenge
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Charles Fourier
Socialism first used in context of utopian
socialists Charles Fourier (1772-1837) and
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Opposed competition of market system
Attempted to create small model communities that would
serve as inspiration for larger social units
Fourier’s “phalanx” was a unit of about 1,600 people
working harmoniously and for mutual benefit in a
structure resembling the “grand hotels” of the era.
Owen was a Welsh reformer who founded utopian
communities in Scotland and the United States.
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Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich
Engels (1820-1895)
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Two major classes in Marx’s analysis:
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Capitalists, who control means of production
Proletariat, wageworkers who sell labor
Highlighted the exploitative nature of
capitalist system: labor produces more
value than the paid wage for it.
Religion: “opiate of the masses”
Argued that capitalist would be overthrown in favor of a
“dictatorship of the proletariat” in a historical process that
mirrored rise of the bourgeois class over the feudal lords
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Social Reform and Trade Unions
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Socialism had major impact on nineteenthcentury reformers
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Addressed issues of medical insurance, unemployment
compensation, retirement benefits
Trade unions form for collective bargaining
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Strikes to address workers’ concerns
Trade unions have major political influence in
conservative imperial Germany
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Global Effects
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Global division of labor
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Rural societies that produce raw materials
Urban societies that produce manufactured goods
Uneven economic development
Export dependency in Latin America, subSaharan Africa, south and southeast Asia
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Low wages and small domestic markets for
manufactured goods
Economies reliant on one or two export commodities
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