Transcript The Industrial Revolution

THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
The greatly increased output of machine made goods
that began in England in the 18th century
Changes in Agriculture

Wealthy landowners bought village farms and
made changes to farming techniques
Agricultural Revolution
 Enclosures:
large enclosed fields where landowners
experimented with farming methods
 Crop rotation: A system of growing a different crop
in a field each year to preserve the land
Changes in Agriculture

OUTCOMES:
 Experimentation
with farming techniques
 Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or
move to cities
many became factory workers
 Increase in food supplies
improved living
conditions
increased population
increased
demand for food and goods
Industrialization


Industrialization: the process of developing
machine production of goods
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in
England?
 Water
power and coal to fuel the machines
 Iron ore to build the machines
 Rivers for transportation
 Harbors from which merchants could set sail
 Strong economy and political stability
England had the factors of production, or land, labor and capital,
which were the resources needed to produce goods and services
Inventions in the Textile Industry


Spinning Jenny (1764)
allowed a workers to
spin 8 threads at one
time
Inventions regarding
water power to drive
the spinning wheels in
the 1770s and 1780s
further increased the
production of textiles
Spinning Jenny
Factories


Large buildings that
housed textile
machines
Owned by wealthy
entrepreneurs:


People who organize,
manage and takes on
the risks of a business
Originally located on
rivers and streams
for waterpower
Cotton Gin



England received
its cotton
from the
American south,
who had used slave labor to remove the seeds
from cotton by hand
1793 – Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to
remove seeds
Production of cotton increased from 1.5 million
pounds (1790) to 85 million pounds (1810)
Improvements in Transportation




Steam engine (1705)
Steamboat (1807)
manmade canals for
transportation
Improvements in roads in the 1800s
Railroad (1820), which would dominate industrial
transportation in England
 Cheap
way to transport materials and finished
products
 Created jobs as railroad workers and miners
(providing iron for the tracks)
Improvements in Transportation
Manchester, England, 1851
German Factory, 1840
Effects of Industrialization

Urbanization: After 1800 more people moved to
cities rather than rural areas
 Why?
 The
growth of the factory system brought people looking
for jobs to the cities
 This led to a population explosion in industrial cities
Living Conditions in Cities

No sanitary codes
 no


drains; heaps of garbage in the streets
Lacked adequate housing, education, police
protection
People lived in crowded
conditions where
disease
spread quickly
Industrialization in the U.S.


Samuel Slater: British mill
worker who
emigrated to
the United States in
1789,
bringing British ideas of
industrialization with him
Francis Cabot Lowell:
Revolutionized
American
industry in Lowell,
Massachusetts
Impact of Industrialization


Growth of corporations: business owned by
stockholders who share in the profits but are not
personally responsible for debts
Global Inequality: wider gap between
industrialized and non-industrialized nations
imperialism
 Imperialism:
the policy of extending one country’s
rule over many other lands

Growing gap between rich and poor
Philosophers of Industrialization

Adam Smith
 Laissez-faire
economics: “Let people do as they please”
without government interference
 Believed government regulation
of business interfered with the
production of wealth
 Capitalism: an economic system
based on private ownership, in
which
money is invested in
business with
the goal of making
a profit
Philosophers of Industrialization

Thomas Malthus


MAIN IDEA: population increased more quickly than food
supply, so people would always be poor and miserable
David Ricardo

MAIN IDEA: the permanent underclass would always be
poor because if there were many workers, their labor
would always be cheap; as population increased, wages
would decrease
Against government efforts to help the workers because they
believed it would hurt the production of wealth in society
Philosophers of Industrialization

Jeremy Bentham
 Philosophy
of utilitarianism: believed government
interference in business was only useful if they
promoted the greatest good for the greatest number
of people
Philosophers of Industrialization

Socialism:
 Factors
of production are owned by the public and
operated for the welfare of all
 Believed that the government should plan the
economy rather than rely on free-market capitalism
 Government control of factories, mines, railroads,
etc. to help the workers who were at the hands of
greedy employers
 Grew out of a concern for social justice
Philosophers of Industrialization

Karl Marx
 German
journalist who
introduced radical
socialism,
or Marxism, to the world
 Wrote The Communist
Manifesto with
Friedrich Engels
 KEY IDEAS: Human society has always been divided
between the haves and have-nots
HAVES: Owners of production
or bourgeoisie
VS.
HAVE-NOTS: Workers
or proletariat
The Future According to Marx
1)
2)
3)
Small number of manufacturers would control all
the wealth
Revolt by the proletariat – they would seize
factories and workers would share the profits,
bringing about economic equality for all people
“dictatorship of the proletariat” would eventually
lead to a classless society, or communism: a form
of complete socialism in which the means of
production is owned by the people, all
goods/services are shared equally and private
property no longer exists
Other Reforms

Unions: groups of voluntary
who pressed for reforms
such as higher pay
workers
in the 1800s,
and shorter hours
Participated in collective bargaining, or negotiations
between workers and they employers for better working
conditions
 If demands were not met, workers could strike, or refuse
to work
 Although many unions were initially outlawed, they
eventually won the right to strike and picket peacefully,
which led to reforms aimed at improving the lives of
workers
