Transcript Chapter 9 Section 2 Industrialization Case Study: Manchester

Chapter 9 Section 2
Industrialization
Case Study: Manchester
Objective: Analyze the impact
of industrialization on society
Vocabulary: Urbanization & Middle Class
Setting the Stage
• Industrialization led to a
better quality of life for most
people
• Rapid industrialization
brought plentiful jobs, but
it also caused unhealthy
working conditions, air &
water pollution, & the ills
of child labor
• It also led to class tensions,
especially between the
working class & the middle
class
Industrialization Changes Life
• By the 1800s, people
could earn higher
wages in factories
than on farms
• People wore better
clothing, woven on
power looms in
England’s industrial
cities
• Cities swelled with
waves of job seekers
Industrial Cities Rise
• The number of European cities
boasting more than 100,000
inhabitants rose from 22 to 47
• Urbanization: growth of
cities & the migration of
people into them
• Factories developed in
clusters because they were
built near sources of energy
• London had a population of
about one million & was
Europe’s largest city
Living Conditions
• England had no development
plans, sanitary codes, or building
codes
• England lacked adequate
housing, education, & police
protection for the people
who poured in from the
countryside to seek jobs
• Workers lived in dark, dirty
shelters, with whole families
crowding in one bedroom
• Average life span was 17 for
working-class citizens living
in the city
Working Conditions
• Factory owners wanted to keep
their machines running as many
hours as possible
• The average worker spent 14
hours a day at the job, 6 days
a week
• Factories were seldom lit or clean
• There was no government
program to provide aid in
case of injury
• Women & children were
employed in the mining industry
because they were the cheapest
source of labor
Class Tensions Grow
• The Industrial Revolution
created enormous amounts
of wealth in the nation
• Most of this wealth belonged
to factory owners, shippers,
& merchants
• Middle Class: social
class made up of skilled
workers, professionals,
businesspeople, &
wealthy farmers
The Middle Class
• The new middle class
transformed the social
structure of Great Britain
• The upper middle
class consisted of
government
employees, doctors,
lawyers, & managers
• The lower middle class
included factory
overseers & skilled
workers
The Working Class
• The working class, saw little
improvement in their living
& working conditions
• Some people tried to destroy the
machines they felt were putting
them out of work
• The Luddites attacked whole
factories by destroying
laborsaving machinery
• Mobs of workers rioted,
mainly because of poor
living & working conditions
Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
• The Industrial
Revolution created
jobs & contributed to
the wealth of the
nation
• It also produced healthier
diets, better housing, &
cheaper clothing
• For the working class,
it took longer, but
their lives gradually
improve
Long-Term Effects
• Living & working conditions
improved over those workers
in the 19th century
• Profits derived from
industrialization produced
tax revenues
• Profits have allowed
local, state, & federal
governments to invest in
urban improvements &
raised the standard of
living
The Mills of Manchester
• Manchester’s rapid, unplanned
growth made it an unhealthy
place for the poor people who
lived & worked there
• However, wealth flowed from its
factories
• Eventually the working class saw
their standard of living improve
• Children were beaten to stay
awake & used on the most
dangerous machine due to their
tiny hands
• Factory Act of 1819, finally
put restrictions on working
age & hours